1996 JTR(SC) 955
1996 AIR(SC) 1981 ; 1996 AIR(SCW) 2360 ; 1996 1 AndhWR(SC) 95 ; 1996 2 CCC(SC) 217 ; 1996 2 CLT(SC) 377 ; 1996 2 CurCC(SC) 217 ; 1996 3 ICC 247 ; 1996 6 JT 62 ; 1996 PLJ 491 ; 1996 2 PLJR(SC) 161 ; 1996 2 RRR 696 ; 1996 4 Scale 327 ; 1996 4 SCC 249 ; 1996 2 SCJ 640 ; 1996 2 UJ 287 ; 1996 3 UPLBEC 1947 ; 1996 KHC 828 ; 1996 1 KLT(Online) 1044 ; 1996 4 Supreme 142
1996(4) Supreme 142
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
K. Ramaswamy and G.B. Pattanaik, JJ.
H.U.D.A. & Anr. -Appellants
versus
Kewal Krishan Goel & Ors. -Respondents
Civil Appeal No. 7849 of 1996
(Arising out of SLP (C) Nos. 25981/95)
with
Civil Appeal No. 7850 of 1996
(Arising out of SLP (C) Nos. 28081/95)
and
Civil Appeal No. 7851 of 1996
(Arising out of SLP (C) Nos. 3360/96)
All decided on 9-5-1996
IMPORTANT POINT
Where a land is allotted and the allottee deposits some instalments but thereafter intimates the authority about his incapacity to pay up the balance instalments and requests for refund of the money paid, the allotting authority is entitled to forfeit the earnest money which had been deposited with the application form and not the 10% of the amount deposited.
A) The statutory framework governing land allotment, earnest money deposits, and forfeiture is interpreted in light of the terms of the allotment letter and advertisement issued by the urban development authority. The provisions stipulate that earnest money is payable with the application, acceptance must be communicated within a stipulated period along with additional payment, and the authoritys entitlement to forfeit the earnest money arises only upon the allottees default in accepting the allotment within the specified timeframe. The rules further delineate the consequences of default, the enforceability of instalment payments, and the conditions under which the authority may retain part or all of the deposits.
B) Earnest money serves as a guarantee to bind the contract and is part of the purchase price; it is forfeitable upon the purchasers default. The authority is entitled to forfeit the earnest money only if the allottee fails to communicate acceptance within the stipulated period. Once the allottee accepts the allotment and makes partial payments, the authority may not forfeit the entire earnest money merely on the allottees inability to pay the balance, unless expressly provided.
Facts of the case:
The Haryana Urban Development Authority invited applications for residential plots and required 10% of the tentative price as earnest money. The allotment letter specified that acceptance had to be communicated within 30 days, failing which the allotment would be cancelled and the earnest money forfeited. It also provided for payment of the balance in lump sum or six annual instalments with interest. The respondents accepted the allotment, paid some instalments, and later requested refund due to inability to pay the balance. The High Court directed refund of the balance after deducting 10% of the amount deposited.
Findings of Court:
The High Court erred in directing the authority to refund 10% of the amount deposited. The respondents, having accepted the allotment and defaulted on further payments, committed a breach, entitling the authority to forfeit the entire earnest money deposited along with the application form. The authority was not obligated to accept partial payments beyond the stipulated terms, and no period for possession was specified in the allotment letter.
Issues:
Whether the allotting authority is entitled to forfeit the entire earnest money or only 10% of the amount deposited when the allottee accepts the allotment, makes partial payments, and subsequently requests refund due to inability to pay the balance.
Ratio Decidendi:
The earnest money is forfeitable upon the allottees default in accepting the allotment within the stipulated period. However, where the allottee accepts the allotment and defaults on further instalments, the authority is not entitled to forfeit the earnest money and must refund the balance after deducting the earnest sum, as no provision in the allotment letter or rules permits greater forfeiture.
Result:
The appeals are allowed to the extent that the authority is entitled to forfeit the entire earnest money deposited with the application form, and the order of the High Court directing refund of 10% of the amount deposited is set aside.
A) The statutory framework governing land allotment, earnest money deposits, and forfeiture is interpreted in light of the terms of the allotment letter and advertisement issued by the urban development authority. The provisions stipulate that earnest money is payable with the application, acceptance must be communicated within a stipulated period along with additional payment, and the authoritys entitlement to forfeit the earnest money arises only upon the allottees default in accepting the allotment within the specified timeframe. The rules further delineate the consequences of default, the enforceability of instalment payments, and the conditions under which the authority may retain part or all of the deposits.
B) Earnest money serves as a guarantee to bind the contract and is part of the purchase price; it is forfeitable upon the purchasers default. The authority is entitled to forfeit the earnest money only if the allottee fails to communicate acceptance within the stipulated period. Once the allottee accepts the allotment and makes partial payments, the authority may not forfeit the entire earnest money merely on the allottees inability to pay the balance, unless expressly provided.
Facts of the case:
The Haryana Urban Development Authority invited applications for residential plots and required 10% of the tentative price as earnest money. The allotment letter specified that acceptance had to be communicated within 30 days, failing which the allotment would be cancelled and the earnest money forfeited. It also provided for payment of the balance in lump sum or six annual instalments with interest. The respondents accepted the allotment, paid some instalments, and later requested refund due to inability to pay the balance. The High Court directed refund of the balance after deducting 10% of the amount deposited.
Findings of Court:
The High Court erred in directing the authority to refund 10% of the amount deposited. The respondents, having accepted the allotment and defaulted on further payments, committed a breach, entitling the authority to forfeit the entire earnest money deposited along with the application form. The authority was not obligated to accept partial payments beyond the stipulated terms, and no period for possession was specified in the allotment letter.
Issues:
Whether the allotting authority is entitled to forfeit the entire earnest money or only 10% of the amount deposited when the allottee accepts the allotment, makes partial payments, and subsequently requests refund due to inability to pay the balance.
Ratio Decidendi:
The earnest money is forfeitable upon the allottees default in accepting the allotment within the stipulated period. However, where the allottee accepts the allotment and defaults on further instalments, the authority is not entitled to forfeit the earnest money and must refund the balance after deducting the earnest sum, as no provision in the allotment letter or rules permits greater forfeiture.
Result:
The appeals are allowed to the extent that the authority is entitled to forfeit the entire earnest money deposited with the application form, and the order of the High Court directing refund of 10% of the amount deposited is set aside.
JUDGMENT
Pattanaik, J.- Leave granted.
2. In these three appeals directed against the judgment of the Punjab and Haryana High Court the common question of law is involved and as such are heard together and are being disposed of by this common judgment.
3. The short question that arises for consideration is, where a land is allotted and the allotee deposits some instalments but thereafter intimates the authority about his incapacity to pay up the balance instalments and requests for refund of the money paid, is the allotting authority entitled to forfeit the earnest money deposited by the allottee or could be only entitled to forfeit 10% of the total amount deposited by the allotee till the request is made as directed by the High Court?
4. Haryana Urban Development Authority issued an advertisement inviting applications for allotment of residential plots at Karnal. The price of plots was different for different size. In accordance with the advertisement 10% of the total price was required to be deposited along with the application form as earnest money and where the plot was a preferential one an extra price of 10% of the total price was required to be deposited. In the letter of allotment that had been issued by the Estate Officer of the Haryana Urban Development Authority to the allotee, it was indicated that if the allotee refuses to accept the allotment then the same may be communicated within 30 days from the date of allotment letter failing which the allotment would stand cancelled and the earnest money deposited shall be forfeited to the authority and the allotee can have no claim for damages. It was also stipulated in the letter of allotment that the balance amount of the tentative price indicated in the letter of allotment could be deposited either in lump sum without any interest within 60 days from the date of issue of the allotment letter or on 6 annual instalments and each instalment would be recoverable together with interest at 15%. On receipt of the letter of allotments the allotees who are the respondents in these appeals accepted the allotment and made the initial deposits as required and thereafter chose to deposit the balance amount in instalment. Each of the allotee-respondent did deposit some instalment and thereafter intimated the authority that they will not be in a position to take the land allotted and requested for refund of the amount. In some cases the authority replied that their prayer for cancellation of allotment cannot be acceded to and in some other cases even before any consideration made by the authority to the request of the allotees, the allottees approached the High Court. The High Court having directed the authority to refund the balance after deducting 10% of the amount deposited by each of the allotee, the Haryana Urban Development Authority as well as the State of Haryana have preferred these appeals.
5. Mr. Arun Jaitley, the learned senior counsel appearing for the appellants contended that in view of the fact that the allotee was required to deposit 10% of the purchase price as earnest money while the application for allotment was made and having accepted the allotment in question with the terms and conditions stipulated in the letter of allotment, when the transaction falls through by reasons of default or failure on the part of the allottee, the authority would be entitled to forfeit the entire earnest money deposited and not the 10% of the amount deposited till then as directed by the High Court. Mr. Jaitley contends earnest represents a guarantee that the contract will be fulfilled and is given to bind the contract and therefore the same is forfeited when the transaction falls through on account of failure on the part of the purchaser. According to the learned counsel in view of the specific clauses of the letter of allotment the High Court committed gross error in directing forfeit of only 10% of the amount deposited. Mr. Mahabir Singh, learned counsel appearing for the respondent on the other hand contended that the forfeiture of earnest money in terms of clause 4 of the allotment letter can be made if the allotee does not communicate his refusal by registered letter within 30 days from the date of allotment but once the allotment is accepted and thereafter the allotee makes deposits on instalments and opts out a contract by expressing his inability to take the land, there is no provision in the allotment letter or under the rules entitling the authority to forfeit the earnest money. Since the power of forfeiture of the earnest money has to be found out specifically either from the letter of allotment or from the rules, if any, governing the allotment and since there is no such provision, the High Court was entitled to decide the question on equitable consideration and has rightly directed that the authority could deduct 10% of the amount deposited and there is no error of law therein requiring interference by this Court.
6. In view of the rival stand of the parties, the first question that arises for consideration is whether under the terms of allotment the allottees were required to deposit any amount as earnest money and if so when that earnest money could be forfeited by the authority? From the material on record there is no dispute that an application for allotment, pursuant to the advertisement made by the authority, has to be made with a deposit of 10% of the tentative price as the earnest money. After consideration of the application when letter of allotment is issued clause (4) thereof stipulates that an allottee if refuses to accept the allotment shall communicate the same by registered letter within 30 days from the date of allotment letter. If no such refusal is communicated within 30 days then it would not be open for the allottee to refuse it later and further the earnest money deposited by the allottee would be forfeited to the authority and an allottee can claim no damages. The allotment letter further stipulated that in case the allottee accepts allotment then letter of acceptance should reach the authorities by registered post together with an additional amount as indicated in the letter, which deposit along with the earnest money deposited already would constitute 25% of the total tentative price. Clause (6) of the allotment letter also indicates that the balance amount of the tentative price of the plot could be paid either in lump-sum without interest within 60 days from the date of issue of the allotment letter or in six annual instalment, the first instalment would fall due after expiry of one year of the date of issue of the letter. Clauses 4, 5 and 6 of the letter of allotment are extracted hereinbelow in extenso for better appreciation of the point in issue :
"(4) In case you refuse to accept this allotment, you shall communicate your refusal by a registered letter within 30 days from the date of allotment letter, failing which this allotment shall stand cancelled and the earnest money deposited by you shall be forfeited to the authority and you shall have no claim for damages.
(5) In case you accept this allotment, please send your acceptance by registered post alongwith an amount of Rs. 34,505/- within 30 days from the date of issue of this allotment letter, which together with an amount of Rs. 23020/- paid by you alongwith your application form as earnest money, will constitute 25 percent of the total tentative price.
(6) The balance amount i.e. Rs. 1,72,575/- of the above tentative price of the plot can be paid in lump-sum without interest within 60 days from the date of issue of the allotment letter or in six annual instalment. The first instalment will fall due after the expiry of one year of the date of issue of this letter. Each instalments would be recoverable together with interest on the balance price of 10% interest on the remaining amount. The interest shall however, accrue from the date of offer of possession. Interest @ 18% will be charged on the delayed payment."
7. A combined reading of the aforesaid three clauses of letter of allotment together with the advertisement issued indicates that the scheme of allotment was that an applicant could make an application along with 10% of the tentative price of the land as earnest deposit. On receipt of the letter of allotment he is required to indicate either his letter of acceptance or letter of refusal within 30 days from the date of the receipt of the allotment letter. In case of acceptance he would be further required to make an additional deposit which deposit together with the earnest money already deposited would constitute 25% of the total tentative price. If he fails to accept the allotment within 30 days from the date of receipt of the letter then the authority was entitle to forfeit the earnest money. Further the balance amount could be deposited in instalment. Thus under the allotment in question an allottee was required to deposit 10% of the tentative price of the land as earnest money which is given to bind the contract and the said earnest money could be forfeited by the authority in case the allotee does not communicate the letter of refusal within 30 days from the date of receipt of the allotment order.
8. The next question that arises for consideration is that, where the allottee accepts the allotment and indicates the same within the stipulated period and makes additional deposits on instalment basis and thereafter intimates the authority that he will not be in a position to pay up the balance amount and makes a request for refund of the money deposited, would the authority be justified in forfeiting the earnest money which had been deposited along with the application form ? The answer to this question depends upon the basis concept of earnest . In the case of Shri Hanuman Cotton Mills and others v. Tata Air Craft Limited1, this Court laid down the following regarding earnest :
"(1) It must be given at the moment at which the contract is concluded.
(2) It represents a guarantee that the contract will be fulfilled or, in other words, "earnest" is given to bind the contract.
(3) It is part of the purchase price when the transaction is carried out.
(4) It is forfeited when the transaction falls through by reason of the default or failure of the purchaser.
(5) Unless there is anything to the contrary in the terms of the contract, on default committed by the buyer, the seller is entitled to forfeit the earnest."
9. The earnest money is a part of the purchase price when the transaction gets through and the same is forfeited when the transaction falls through by reason of the default or failure on the part of the vendee.
Wright, J. in the case of Farr, Smith & Co. v. Messrs. Ltd. LR2 , quotted the observations of Hamilton, J., in Summer and Leivesley v. John Brown & Co.3, with regard to the meaning of earnest as thus :
" Earnest ..... meant something given for the purpose of binding a contract, something to be used to put pressure on the defaulter if he failed to carry out his part. If the contract went through, the thing given in earnest was returned to the giver, or, if money, was deducted from the price. If the contract went off through the giver s fault the thing given inearnest was forfeited."
The law on the subject has been discussed fully in a recent case of Delhi Development Authority v. Grishthapana Co-operative Group Housing Society Ltd.4.
10. This being the legal position and the allotee having accepted the allotment and having made some payment on instalment basis then made the request to surrender the land, has committed default on his part and therefore the competent authority would be fully justified in forfeiting the earnest money which had been deposited and not the 10% of the amount deposited as held by the High Court. The High Court was totally in error in issuing the direction in question on the ground that the respondents were not in a position to deliver the possession of the land to the allotee. It may be stated that in the letter of allotment no period was stipulated within which the possession of the land was to be delivered. The land in question was required to be developed and then to be delivered and in absence of any period in the letter of allotment, it was required to be delivered within a reasonable period. In the facts and circumstances, it cannot be said that the reasonability had lapsed particularly when the allotees had not paid up the entire instalment due and merely paid a part thereof.
11. In the premises as aforesaid the impugned judgment and direction of the High Court in each of the appeal are set aside and it is held that the appellant would be entitled to forfeit the earnest money which had been deposited along with the application form and on deducting the said earnest the balance amount may be refunded to allottees - respondents who had made application for refund in question. The appeals are allowed to the extent indicated above but in the circumstances there will be no order as to costs.Appeals allowed accordingly.
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