1997 JTR(SC) 318
1997 2 AICLR 393 ; 1997 AIR(SC) 1873 ; 1997 AIR(SCW) 1614 ; 1997 34 AllCriC 657 ; 1997 BBCJ(SC) 132 ; 1997 1 CCR(SC) 231 ; 1997 CriLR 291 ; 1997 1 Crimes(SC) 245 ; 1997 CriR(SC) 678 ; 1997 CrLJ 1927 ; 1997 3 JT 91 ; 1997 3 RCR(Cri) 85 ; 1997 2 Scale 328 ; 1997 9 SCC 759 ; 1997 SCC(Cri) 759 ; 1997 3 SCJ 4 ; 1997 2 SCR 309 ; 1997 1 KLT(Online) 1055 ; 1997 KHC 1188 ; 1997 2 Supreme 614
1997(2) Supreme 614
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
Madan Mohan Punchhi and K.T. Thomas, JJ.
Sham Lal etc. -Appellants
versus
State of Haryana etc. -Respondents
Criminal Appeal No. 559 of 1990
With
Criminal Appeal No. 442 of 1991
Decided on 20-2-1997
Counsel for the Parties :
For the Appellant in Crl. A. No. 559/90 and for Respondent Nos. 1-2 in Cri. A. No. 442/91 : Ujagar Singh, Sr. Advocate, Davender Verma and Satish Vig., Advocates.
For the Appellant in Crl. A. No. 442/91 : M.C. Dhingra, Advocate.
For the Respondent : Swaraj Kaushal, Sr. Advocate, (Sanjeev K. Pabbi) Adv. for Prem Malhotra, Advocate.
IMPORTANT POINT
It is imperative for invoking legal presumption u/s 113-B of Evidence Act to prove that soon after her death deceased was subjected to cruelty or harassment.
Act
Referred
:EVIDENCE ACT : S.113(b)
INDIAN PENAL CODE : S.498(a), S.302, S.304(b)
(A) The Evidence Act, Section 113(B), creates a legal presumption of dowry death when it is shown that a woman died by burns within seven years of marriage and was subjected to cruelty or harassment in connection with a demand for dowry, thereby shifting the burden to the accused to rebut the presumption. The Indian Penal Code, Sections 302 and 304(B), provide the framework for adjudicating culpable homicide and dowryrelated deaths, while Section 498(A) addresses cruelty and harassment by the husband or his relatives. Here, these provisions intersect as the prosecution seeks to invoke Section 113(B) to infer dowry death, but the absence of direct evidence linking cruelty or harassment proximate to the death prevents the presumption from applying, whereas Section 498(A) is independently supported by other evidence.
(B) Key legal principles include the stringent requirement of proximity in time for invoking the presumption under Section 113(B) of the Evidence Act, the need for contemporaneous cruelty or harassment connected to dowry demands, and the hierarchy of offences where dowry death (Section 304B IPC) attracts higher culpability than mere cruelty (Section 498A IPC).
Facts of the case:
The deceased died of burns within seven years of marriage. The prosecution alleged dowry harassment culminating in the fatal burning, while the accused claimed suicide due to inability to adjust and absence of a child. Crucial evidence was absent during the period immediately preceding the death, and a key witness proved unreliable. The accuseds conduct at the hospital was noted, and reliable evidence pointed to cruelty under Section 498A.
Findings of Court:
The court found the circumstances insufficient to establish murder or dowry death under Section 304B, but held that cruelty and harassment by the accused against the deceased were proven under Section 498A, dismissing the appeal against the Section 302 conviction while upholding conviction under Section 498A.
Issues:
Whether the accused can be convicted of dowry death under Section 304B IPC in the absence of evidence showing cruelty or harassment proximate to the death, and whether the accused is liable under Section 498A IPC based on reliable testimony.
Ratio Decidendi:
The presumption under Section 113(B) of the Evidence Act cannot be invoked due to the lack of evidence showing cruelty or harassment soon before the death; consequently, the accused cannot be convicted under Section 304B IPC. However, the accused can be convicted under Section 498A IPC as the prosecution proved cruelty and harassment by reliable evidence.
Result:
The appeal against conviction under Section 302 IPC is dismissed, conviction under Section 498A IPC is upheld with a sentence of rigorous imprisonment for three years, and the appeal is disposed of.
(A) The Evidence Act, Section 113(B), creates a legal presumption of dowry death when it is shown that a woman died by burns within seven years of marriage and was subjected to cruelty or harassment in connection with a demand for dowry, thereby shifting the burden to the accused to rebut the presumption. The Indian Penal Code, Sections 302 and 304(B), provide the framework for adjudicating culpable homicide and dowryrelated deaths, while Section 498(A) addresses cruelty and harassment by the husband or his relatives. Here, these provisions intersect as the prosecution seeks to invoke Section 113(B) to infer dowry death, but the absence of direct evidence linking cruelty or harassment proximate to the death prevents the presumption from applying, whereas Section 498(A) is independently supported by other evidence.
(B) Key legal principles include the stringent requirement of proximity in time for invoking the presumption under Section 113(B) of the Evidence Act, the need for contemporaneous cruelty or harassment connected to dowry demands, and the hierarchy of offences where dowry death (Section 304B IPC) attracts higher culpability than mere cruelty (Section 498A IPC).
Facts of the case:
The deceased died of burns within seven years of marriage. The prosecution alleged dowry harassment culminating in the fatal burning, while the accused claimed suicide due to inability to adjust and absence of a child. Crucial evidence was absent during the period immediately preceding the death, and a key witness proved unreliable. The accuseds conduct at the hospital was noted, and reliable evidence pointed to cruelty under Section 498A.
Findings of Court:
The court found the circumstances insufficient to establish murder or dowry death under Section 304B, but held that cruelty and harassment by the accused against the deceased were proven under Section 498A, dismissing the appeal against the Section 302 conviction while upholding conviction under Section 498A.
Issues:
Whether the accused can be convicted of dowry death under Section 304B IPC in the absence of evidence showing cruelty or harassment proximate to the death, and whether the accused is liable under Section 498A IPC based on reliable testimony.
Ratio Decidendi:
The presumption under Section 113(B) of the Evidence Act cannot be invoked due to the lack of evidence showing cruelty or harassment soon before the death; consequently, the accused cannot be convicted under Section 304B IPC. However, the accused can be convicted under Section 498A IPC as the prosecution proved cruelty and harassment by reliable evidence.
Result:
The appeal against conviction under Section 302 IPC is dismissed, conviction under Section 498A IPC is upheld with a sentence of rigorous imprisonment for three years, and the appeal is disposed of.
ORDER
Neelam Rani, wife of the appellant, died of burns on 17.6.1987. Her husband, the present appellant, and his father and grand-mother were arrayed as accused before the Sessions Court in connection with the death of Neelam Rani charging them with offences under Sections 302, 304B and 498A of the IPC. The Sessions Court acquitted the grand-mother, who was in her eighties, but convicted the appellant as well as his father of all offences and sentenced them to imprisonment for life. The High Court of Punjab and Haryana on the joint appeal filed by those convicted persons acquitted appellant s father but confirmed the conviction of the appellant under Section 302 IPC. The High Court pointed out that in view of the said conviction it was unnecessary to maintain the conviction under the other two offences. Appellant filed this appeal by special leave in challenge of the said conviction and sentence.
2. There seems to be no dispute on the fact that Neelam Rani died of burns on 17.6.1987. The prosecution case in brief is that appellant was persecution her with the demand for more dowry and at last set her ablaze for not quenching his greed for dowry. On the other hand the stand of the appellant, when questioned under Section 313 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, was that by frustration, as she could not give birth to a child and as she could not adjust in the village life with the appellant, she committed suicide by burning herself.
3. The High Court counted some circumstances, in the absence of any eye-witness, and reached the conclusion that the circumstances have concatenated themselves into a complete chain establishing that appellant had killed her by setting her ablaze after dousing her with kerosene.
4. On a scrutiny of the evidence we are of the view that the circumstances are far too meagre for reaching the conclusion that appellant had set her on fire.
5. When Neelam Rani s father-Bhagwan Dass (PW-3) on hearing about the precarious condition of his daughter rushed to see her at the Civil Hospital, Kaithal, all that he could see was her charred body. When he saw the appellant standing nearby he asked him whether she was killed by him, to which appellant answered with folded hands that it was a mistake on his part for that he should be forgiven.
6. The above circumstance was taken seriously by the High Court as an incriminating conduct of the appellant. Along with it High Court counted the evidence of Zile Singh (PW-5). But that witness did not stick to the version assigned to him by the prosecution, and hence he was treated as hostile. He was to speak to the words he heard from the deceased as soon as he reached the scene of occurrence. He was confronted with a letter which he had sent to PW-6 in which he promised that he would never revert from what he has already committed to the police. But PW-5 in his testimony in court said that he could not hear anything which deceased had muttered as it was too inaudible. The testimony of PW-5 is therefore of no use to the prosecution except to the extent he saw Neelam Rani in flames and the inmates of the house remaining aghast.
7. We are unable to agree with the finding reached by the High Court that on the said circumstances Neelam Rani was murdered by the appellant.
8. But it is a certainty that Neelam Rani died under abnormal circumstances. If it is not a case of homicide, it could be a case of suicide because her death by accident could reasonably be ruled out from all the broad circumstances in this case. we have now therefore to consider whether appellant can be fastened with the penal liability under Section 304-B of the IPC.
9. The primary requirements for finding the appellant guilty of the offence under Section 304-B IPC are that death of the deceased was caused by burns within seven years of her marriage and that "soon before her death" she was subjected to cruelty or harassment by the appellant for or in connection with any demand for dowry.
10. The first premise stands established in this case that the death of Neelam Rani took place within seven years of her marriage though the precise date of her marriage is not in evidence. (It is admitted by both sides that her marriage was in the year 1983.) The second premise that death was caused by burns is a factum which has not been disputed even by the appellant himself. In order to establish the third ingredient that "soon before her death she was subjected to cruelty or harassment for or in connection with demand for dowry", a plea is made to resort to the legal presumption envisaged in Section 113-B of the Evidence Act. It reads as under :
"113-B. Presumption as to dowry death-When the question is whether a person has committed the dowry death of a woman and it is shown that soon before her death such woman had been subjected by such person to cruelty or harassment for, or in connection with, any demand for dowry, the Court shall presume that such person had caused the dowry death."
11. It is imperative, for invoking the aforesaid legal presumption, to prove that "soon before her death" she was subjected to such cruelty or harassment. Here, what the prosecution achieved in proving at the most was that there was persisting dispute between the two sides regarding the dowry paid or to be paid, both in kind and in cash, and on account of the failure to meet the demand for dowry, Neelam Rani was taken by her parents to their house about one and a half years before her death. Further evidence is that an attempt was made to patch up between the two sides for which a panchayat was held in which it was resolved that she would go back to the nuptial home pursuant to which she was taken by the husband to his house. This happened about ten to fifteen days prior to the occurrence in this case. There is nothing on record to show that she was either treated with cruelty or harassed with the demand for dowry during the period between her having been taken to the parental home and her tragic end.
12. In the absence of any such evidence it is not permissible to take recourse to the legal presumption envisaged in Section 113-B of the Evidence Act. That rule of evidence is prescribed in law to obviate the prosecution of the difficulty to further prove that the offence was perpetrated by the husband, as then it would be the burden of the accused to rebut the presumption.
13. The corollary of the aforesaid finding is that appellant cannot be convicted of the offence under Section 304-B IPC. But this would not save him from the offence under Section 498-A of the IPC for which there is overwhelming evidence, particularly of PW-3, Bhagwan Dass, who heard from his daughter, which evidence is admissible under Section 32 of the Evidence Act, besides his own direct dialogue with the appellant and his father. As the trial court and the High Court found his evidence reliable, we hold that prosecution has succeeded in proving the offence under Section 498-A of IPC.
14. We therefore set aside the conviction and sentence passed on the appellant under Section 302 of IPC. But we find him guilty of the offence under Section 498-A of the IPC and convict him thereunder and sentence him to the maximum period of imprisonment prescribed thereunder i.e., rigorous imprisonment for three years. It is needless to say that if the appellant has already completed that period in jail in connection with this case it is not necessary that he should surrender to custody. The appeal is accordingly disposed of. Consequently the other appeal is dismissed.
Appeal disposed of accordingly.
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