2001 JTR(SC) 355
2001 3 AICLR 1 ; 2001 AIR(SC) 1161 ; 2001 AIR(SCW) 837 ; 2001 2 ALD(SC) 33 ; 2001 42 AllCriC 651 ; 2001 Supp AllCriC 442 ; 2001 AllMR(Cri)(SC) 578 ; 2001 2 AWC 930 ; 2001 BankJ 470 ; 2001 2 BC 108 ; 2001 2 CHN(SC) 51 ; 2001 3 CivCC 238 ; 2001 105 CompCas 1 ; 2001 CriLR 235 ; 2001 CriLR(Cal) 305 ; 2001 1 Crimes(SC) 284 ; 2001 CrLJ 1250 ; 2001 1 CTC 616 ; 2001 1 CurLJ 643 ; 2001 DCR 15 ; 2001 1 EastCrC(SC) 278 ; 2001 ISJ(Banking) 307 ; 2001 2 JCC 17 ; 2001 1 JLJR(SC) 566 ; 2001 3 JT 114 ; 2001 2 KLT 148 ; 2001 3 MhLJ(SC) 1 ; 2001 2 MPLJ 272 ; 2001 1 OLR 423 ; 2001 1 RCR(Cri) 834 ; 2001 1 RLW(Raj) 161 ; 2001 2 Scale 173 ; 2001 3 SCC 609 ; 2001 SCC(Cri) 582 ; 2001 1 SCJ 487 ; 2001 2 UJ 1093 ; 2001 2 Supreme 61
2001(2) Supreme 61
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
(From Madhya Pradesh High Court)
K.T. Thomas, R.P. Sethi and B.N. Agrawal, JJ.
Shri Ishar Alloy Steels Ltd. -Appellant
versus
Jayaswals NECO Limited -Respondent
Criminal Appeal No. 219 of 2001
(Arising out of SLP (Criminal) No. 3854 of 2000)
Decided on 22-2-2001
Counsel for the Parties :
For the Appellant : A.K. Chitale, Sr. Advocate, Niraj Sharma, Ms. Shilpa Chitale, Advocates.
For the Respondent : Rana Mukherjee, N. Dubey and Ms. Indra Sawhney, Advocates.
VERY IMPORTANT POINT
"The Bank" as mentioned in Section 138 Proviso (a) of Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 means the Bank of the drawer. Thus if cheque is not presented in time permitted before drawer s Bank, the Criminal Court has no jurisdiction to issue process to the drawer of the cheque. Drawer can be held liable only for his civil liability.
Act Referred :NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS ACT : S.2, S.138, S.72, S.3
(A) The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, sections 2, 3, 138, and 72 govern the present dispute. Section 2 provides the general definitions, Section 3 defines a banker to include any person acting as a banker, Section 72 mandates that a cheque must be presented at the bank upon which it is drawn to charge the drawer, and Section 138 creates the offence of dishonour of a cheque for insufficiency of funds or exceeding arrangements, triggered only upon presentation to the specified bank within six months or the cheque's validity period, whichever is earlier. The Acts penal provisions must be strictly interpreted, and the language of the bank in Section 138 is distinguished from the indefinite a bank in other clauses to denote the specific drawee bank, although presentation through a collecting bank is permissible so long as the cheque is forwarded to the drawee bank within the stipulated period. The six-month period runs from the date the cheque is drawn or falls due, and post-dating converts the instrument into a bill of exchange until it becomes a cheque on the date specified.
(B) Key legal principles are: (i) the bank in Section 138 refers to the drawee bank on which the cheque is drawn, not any bank where the cheque is presented for collection; (ii) a cheque must be presented to the drawee bank within six months from the date of issue or date of becoming payable to attract criminal liability; (iii) presentation through another bank, such as the payees bank, is allowed if the collecting bank ensures presentation to the drawee bank within the six-month window; (iv) failure to present to the drawee bank within six months absolves the drawer of criminal liability under Section 138, though civil remedies may still be available; and (v) the legislatures use of definite and indefinite articles reflects a deliberate distinction in scope and applicability.
Facts of the case:
The appellant issued a cheque dated 21 July 1997 for ten lakh rupees drawn on the State Bank of Indore, Industrial Estate Branch, Indore, in favour of the respondent. The respondent presented the cheque on 26 September 1997, it was returned unpaid, and a further presentation was made to the State Bank of India at Raipur on 20 January 1998, which was beyond six months from the date the cheque became payable. The cheque reached the drawer bank on 24 January 1998 and was again returned unpaid. A notice under proviso (b) of Section 138 was issued on 10 February 1998 and received on 16 February 1998, and a criminal complaint was filed. The Sessions Court allowed the appellants revision, holding that the cheque presented beyond six months attracted no liability under Section 138. The High Court allowed a further revision, holding that the cheque could be presented either at the payees bank or the drawers bank within six months.
Findings of Court:
The Supreme Court held that the High Court impugned judgment is contrary to law. The Court clarified that the bank in Section 138 means the drawee bank upon which the cheque is drawn, and that presentation must be made to that bank within six months to attract criminal liability. Presentation may be made directly to the drawee bank or through another bank, such as a collecting bank, provided the cheque reaches the drawee bank within the statutory period. Since the cheque in this case was not presented to the drawers bank within six months, the criminal court lacked jurisdiction, and the accused could not be prosecuted under Section 138.
Issues:
(i) What is the meaning of the bank in Clause (a) of the proviso to Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act? (ii) Does the bank refer only to the drawers bank or also include the collecting bank of the payee? (iii) To which bank must the cheque be presented to attract the penal provisions of Section 138? (iv) Whether presentation beyond six months, even through a collecting bank, can attract criminal liability under Section 138?
Ratio Decidendi:
The phrase the bank in Section 138 denotes the drawee bank on which the cheque is drawn, and for criminal liability to attach, the cheque must be presented to that bank within six months from its date or date of becoming payable, whether presented personally or through a collecting bank. Presentation beyond this period, as occurred here, ousts criminal jurisdiction under Section 138, regardless of where the cheque was initially tendered.
Result:
The appeal is allowed, the impugned judgment is set aside, and no criminal liability arises under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act.
(A) The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, sections 2, 3, 138, and 72 govern the present dispute. Section 2 provides the general definitions, Section 3 defines a banker to include any person acting as a banker, Section 72 mandates that a cheque must be presented at the bank upon which it is drawn to charge the drawer, and Section 138 creates the offence of dishonour of a cheque for insufficiency of funds or exceeding arrangements, triggered only upon presentation to the specified bank within six months or the cheque's validity period, whichever is earlier. The Acts penal provisions must be strictly interpreted, and the language of the bank in Section 138 is distinguished from the indefinite a bank in other clauses to denote the specific drawee bank, although presentation through a collecting bank is permissible so long as the cheque is forwarded to the drawee bank within the stipulated period. The six-month period runs from the date the cheque is drawn or falls due, and post-dating converts the instrument into a bill of exchange until it becomes a cheque on the date specified.
(B) Key legal principles are: (i) the bank in Section 138 refers to the drawee bank on which the cheque is drawn, not any bank where the cheque is presented for collection; (ii) a cheque must be presented to the drawee bank within six months from the date of issue or date of becoming payable to attract criminal liability; (iii) presentation through another bank, such as the payees bank, is allowed if the collecting bank ensures presentation to the drawee bank within the six-month window; (iv) failure to present to the drawee bank within six months absolves the drawer of criminal liability under Section 138, though civil remedies may still be available; and (v) the legislatures use of definite and indefinite articles reflects a deliberate distinction in scope and applicability.
Facts of the case:
The appellant issued a cheque dated 21 July 1997 for ten lakh rupees drawn on the State Bank of Indore, Industrial Estate Branch, Indore, in favour of the respondent. The respondent presented the cheque on 26 September 1997, it was returned unpaid, and a further presentation was made to the State Bank of India at Raipur on 20 January 1998, which was beyond six months from the date the cheque became payable. The cheque reached the drawer bank on 24 January 1998 and was again returned unpaid. A notice under proviso (b) of Section 138 was issued on 10 February 1998 and received on 16 February 1998, and a criminal complaint was filed. The Sessions Court allowed the appellants revision, holding that the cheque presented beyond six months attracted no liability under Section 138. The High Court allowed a further revision, holding that the cheque could be presented either at the payees bank or the drawers bank within six months.
Findings of Court:
The Supreme Court held that the High Court impugned judgment is contrary to law. The Court clarified that the bank in Section 138 means the drawee bank upon which the cheque is drawn, and that presentation must be made to that bank within six months to attract criminal liability. Presentation may be made directly to the drawee bank or through another bank, such as a collecting bank, provided the cheque reaches the drawee bank within the statutory period. Since the cheque in this case was not presented to the drawers bank within six months, the criminal court lacked jurisdiction, and the accused could not be prosecuted under Section 138.
Issues:
(i) What is the meaning of the bank in Clause (a) of the proviso to Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act? (ii) Does the bank refer only to the drawers bank or also include the collecting bank of the payee? (iii) To which bank must the cheque be presented to attract the penal provisions of Section 138? (iv) Whether presentation beyond six months, even through a collecting bank, can attract criminal liability under Section 138?
Ratio Decidendi:
The phrase the bank in Section 138 denotes the drawee bank on which the cheque is drawn, and for criminal liability to attach, the cheque must be presented to that bank within six months from its date or date of becoming payable, whether presented personally or through a collecting bank. Presentation beyond this period, as occurred here, ousts criminal jurisdiction under Section 138, regardless of where the cheque was initially tendered.
Result:
The appeal is allowed, the impugned judgment is set aside, and no criminal liability arises under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act.
JUDGMENT
Sethi, J.-Leave granted.
2. (a) What is meant by, "the bank" as mentioned in Clause (a) of the proviso to Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881?
(b) Does such bank mean the bank of the drawer of the cheque or covers within its ambit any bank including the collecting bank of the Payee of the cheque?
(c) To which bank the cheque is to be presented for the purposes of attracting the penal provisions of Section 138 of the Act?
are the questions to be determined by this Court in this appeal.
3. Punjab and Haryana High Court in the case of Om Prakash v. Gurcharan Singh1 and Gujarat High Court in Arunbhai Nilkantharai Nanavati v. Jayaben Prahladbhai through Her Power of Attorney & Anr.2 have held that a cheque must be presented to the bank on which it is drawn within six months from the date of issue of the cheque. However, Madras High Court in A.B.K. Publications Ltd. & Ors. v. Tamil Nadu Newsprint & Papers Ltd.3 has taken the view that cheque can be presented either in the payee s bank or in the drawer bank and the date of presentation in respective banks will be reckoned for calculating period of six months from the date it was drawn.
4. In the present case the High Court of Madhya Pradesh has endorsed the view of Madras High Court and disagreed with the views of Punjab and Haryana and Gujarat High Courts.
5. The admitted facts of the case are that the appellant issued Cheque No. 2477086 dated 21st July, 1997 for Rs. 10 lakhs drawn on the State Bank of Indore, Industrial Estate Branch, Indore in favour of the respondent. The respondent presented the cheque for payment on 26th September, 1997 which was returned unpaid. Again on 20th January, 1998, the respondent presented the cheque to its bank i.e. State Bank of India at Raipur. The cheque reached the drawer bank on 24th January, 1998, admittedly after six months from the date it became payable. The cheque was returned unpaid by the bank of the respondent on 3.2.1998. A notice as required under proviso (b) of Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act was issued on 10.2.1998 which was received by the appellant on 16.2.1998. A criminal complaint under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act was filed in the Court of Judicial Magistrate, First Class, Raipur against the appellant in which notice was issued for appearing in the court on 23rd September, 1998. The appellant filed Criminal Revision No. 190 of 1998 in the Court of Sessions Judge, Raipur contending that as the cheque was presented for payment beyond the period of six months as prescribed under Proviso (a) to Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (hereinafter referred to as "the Act"), no offence was made out, to be taken cognizance of. The revision was allowed by the Sessions Court on 3rd July, 1999. The respondent filed a further revision in the High Court which was allowed vide the order impugned holding, as noticed earlier, that the cheque can be presented within the six months before the drawer s (payee s) bank or its can be presented before the drawer as well as the payee s bank.
6. Before adverting to the various provisions of law as applicable in the case, it has to be kept in mind that the law relating to Negotiable Instruments is the law of the commercial world which was enacted to facilitate the activities in trade and commerce making provision of giving sanctity to the instruments of credit which could be deemed to be convertible into money and easily passable from one person to another. In the absence of such instruments, the trade and commerce activities were likely to be adversely affected as it was not practicable for the trading community to carry on with it the bulk of the currency in force. The introduction of negotiable instruments owes its origin to the bartering system prevalent in the primitive society. The negotiable instruments are, in fact, the instruments of credit being convertible on account of the legality of being negotiated and thus easily passable from one hand to another. The source of Indian law relating to such instruments is admittedly the English Common Law. The main object of the Act is to legalise the system by which instruments contemplated by it could pass from hand to hand by negotiation like any other goods. The purpose of the Act was to present an orderly and authoritative statement of the leading rules of law relating to the negotiable instruments. The Act intends to legalise the system under which claims upon mercantile instruments could be equated with ordinary goods passing from hand to hand. To achieve the objective of the Act, the Legislature in its wisdom thought it proper to make provision in the Act for conferring such privileges to the mercantile instruments contemplated under it and provide special procedure in case the obligation under the instrument was not discharged. It has, always to be kept in mind that Section 138 of The Act creates an offence and the law relating to the penal provisions has to be interpreted strictly so that non-one can ingeniously or insidiously or guilefully or strategically be prosecuted.
7. It has further to be noticed that to make an offence under Section 138 of the Act, it is mandatory that the cheque is presented to "the bank" within a period of six months from the date on which it is drawn or within the period of its validity, whichever is earlier. It is the cheque drawn which has to be presented to "the bank" within the period specified therein. When a post-dated cheque is written or drawn, it is only a bill of exchange. The post-dated cheque become a cheque under the Act on the date which is written on the said cheque and the six months period has to be reckoned, for the purposes of Section 138 of the Act, from the said date.
8. Section 138 provides that where any cheque drawn by a person on an account maintained by him with a banker for payment of any amount of money to another person from out of that account for the discharge, in whole or in part, of any debt or other liability, is returned by "the bank" unpaid, either because of the amount of money standing to the credit of that account is insufficient to honour the cheque or that it exceeds the amount arranged to be paid from that account by an agreement made with that bank, such person shall be deemed to have committed an offence punishable with imprisonment as prescribed therein subject to the conditions mentioned in clauses (a), (b) and (c) of the proviso. Section 3 of the Act defines the "banker" to include any person acting as a banker and any post office saving bank. Section 72 of the Act provides that a cheque must, in order to charge the drawer, be presented at the bank upon which it is drawn before the relations between the drawer and his banker has been altered to the prejudice of the drawer.
9. The use of the words "a bank" and "the bank" in the Section is indicator of the intention of the Legislature. The former is indirect article and the latter is pre-fixed by direct article. If the Legislature intended to have the same meanings for "a bank" and "the bank", there was no cause or occasion for mentioning it distinctly and differently by using two different articles. It is worth noticing that the word "banker" in Section 3 of the Act is pre-fixed by the indefinite article "a" and the word "bank" where the cheque is intended to be presented under Section 138 is pre-fixed by the definite article "the". The same Section permits a person to issue a cheque on an account maintained by him with "a bank" and makes him liable for criminal prosecution if it is returned by "the bank" unpaid. The payment of the cheque is contemplated by "the bank" meaning thereby where the person issuing the cheque has an account. "The" is the word used before nouns, with a specifying of particularising effect opposed to the indefinite or generalising force of "a" or "an". It determines what particular thing is meant; that is, what particular thing we are to assume to be meant. "The" is always mentioned to denote particular thing or a person. "The" would, therefore, refer implicitly to a specified bank and not any bank. "The bank" referred to in clause (a) to the proviso to Section 138 of the Act would mean the drawee-bank on which the cheque is drawn and not all banks where the cheque is presented for collection including the bank of the payee, in whose favour the cheque is issued.
10. It, however, does not mean that the cheque is always to be presented to the drawer s bank on which the cheque is issued. The payee of the cheque has the option to present the cheque in any bank including the collecting bank where he has his account but to attract the criminal liability of the drawer of the cheque such collecting bank is obliged to present the cheque in the drawee or payee bank on which the cheque is drawn within the period of six months from the date on which it is shown to have been issued. In other words a cheque issued by (A) in favour of (B) drawn in a bank named (C) where the drawer has an account can be presented by the payee to the bank upon which it is drawn i.e. (C) bank within a period of six months or present it to any other bank for collection of the cheque amount provided such other bank including the collecting bank presents the cheque for collection to the (C) bank. The non-presentation of the cheque to the drawee-bank within the period specified in the Section would absolve the person issuing the cheque of his criminal liability under Section 138 of the Act, who shall otherwise may be liable to pay the cheque amount to the payee in a civil action initiated under the law. A combined reading of Sections 2, 72 and 138 of the Act would leave no doubt in our mind that the law mandates the cheque to be presented at the bank on which it is drawn if the drawer is to be held criminally liable. Such presentation is necessarily to be made within six months at the bank on which the cheque is drawn, whether presented personally or through another bank, namely, the collecting bank of the payee.
11. We have perused the judgments of the Punjab and Haryana Gujarat and Madras High Courts and their conflicting views and are of the opinion that the Madras High Court has not correctly interpreted the provisions of law in this behalf.
12. As, admittedly, in this case the cheque was not presented before the drawer s bank within the statutory period of six months, the criminal court had no jurisdiction to issue the process against the appellant. The impugned judgment of the High Court being contrary to law is thus not sustainable. The appeal is accordingly allowed and the impugned judgment is set aside.
(N.K.R.) Appeal allowed.
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