2002 JTR(SC) 1089
2003 1 AIC 965 ; 2003 AIR(SC) 182 ; 2002 AIR(SCW) 4617 ; 2002 2 ALD(Cri)(SC) 880 ; 2003 1 AllCJ 580 ; 2003 AllMR(Cri)(SC) 130 ; 2003 1 AndhWR(SC) 784 ; 2003 1 APLJ 39 ; 2003 1 BankJ 493 ; 2006 4 BC 294 ; 2003 1 CivCC 1 ; 2002 112 CompCas 611 ; 2003 1 CompLJ 256 ; 2003 1 CriCC 90 ; 2003 CriLR(Cal) 116 ; 2003 1 Crimes(SC) 76 ; 2003 CrLJ 411 ; 2002 4 CTC 567 ; 2003 1 DCR 146 ; 2003 1 EastCrC(SC) 22 ; 2003 1 ISJ(Banking) 492 ; 2003 1 JLJR(SC) 277 ; 2003 1 KLJ(NOC) 21 ; 2003 1 OLR 183 ; 2003 1 PLJR(SC) 246 ; 2002 4 RCR(Cri) 750 ; 2003 2 RLW(Raj) 194 ; 2002 8 Scale 266 ; 2003 1 SCC 1 ; 2003 SCC(Cri) 161 ; 2002 40 SCL 666 ; 2003 KHC 260 ; 2002 7 Supreme 598
2002(7) Supreme 598
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
(From Kerala High Court)
N. Santosh Hegde & B.P. Singh, JJ.
C. Antony -Appellant
versus
K.G. Raghavan Nair -Respondent
Criminal Appeal No. 1748 of 1996
Decided on 1-11-2002
Counsel for the Parties :
For the Appellant : M.T. George, Advocate.
For the Respondent : Ms. Malini Poduval and Ms. Lansinglu Rongmei, Advocates.
IMPORTANT POINT
Where trial Court acquitted the appellant for an offence u/s 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 on cogent findings, High Court was wrong in reversing it without coming to the conclusion that the findings of the trial Court are irrelevant or contrary to material on record, taking a contra view merely because another view was possible on the material on record.
(A) The provisions of the Negotiable Instruments Act apply to cases involving dishonour of cheques for non-payment of a legally enforceable debt or liability, as seen in the present appeal where a cheque issued for hospital expansion was dishonoured and prosecuted under Section 138. The Act mandates strict compliance in cheque transactions and places the onus on the drawer to prove the validity of the transaction and the genuineness of the instrument. The appellate framework under the Act requires that an appellate court respect the findings of the trial court where two reasonable inferences are possible, ensuring that the presumption of innocence is not lightly displaced.
(B) Key legal principles include: the appellate court must not lightly substitute its inference for that of the trial court; the prosecution must prove the transaction's existence and the cheque's genuineness beyond reasonable doubt; and the trial courts assessment of witness credibility and documentary evidence carries significant weight unless clearly perverse. The necessity of examining material witnesses, such as the advocate who allegedly facilitated the transaction, is crucial to establishing the prosecutions case.
Facts of the case:
The respondent advanced a cash sum for the appellants hospital expansion and received a dishonoured cheque with a 'Payment stopped by the drawer' endorsement. The appellant claimed the cheque was blank, given to a third party in a chit transaction, and misused. The trial court dismissed the complaint due to gaps in the prosecutions evidence, while the High Court convicted based on new inferences.
Findings of Court:
The trial court found the respondent failed to prove payment, partly due to the non-examination of key witnesses and inconsistencies in the cheques ink. The High Court reversed this by drawing adverse inferences from non-examination of the appellant and questioned the trial courts reasoning without properly assessing its findings.
Issues:
Whether the High Court correctly exercised its appellate power by reversing an acquittal on a different rationale without finding the trial courts conclusions to be perverse or contrary to material on record.
Ratio Decidendi:
An appellate court must not disturb a trial courts acquittal merely because another inference is possible; it must identify specific errors or perversity in the lower courts reasoning, adhering to the principle of non-interference where reasonable doubt exists.
Result:
The appeal is allowed, the High Courts judgment is set aside, and the acquittal is restored.
(A) The provisions of the Negotiable Instruments Act apply to cases involving dishonour of cheques for non-payment of a legally enforceable debt or liability, as seen in the present appeal where a cheque issued for hospital expansion was dishonoured and prosecuted under Section 138. The Act mandates strict compliance in cheque transactions and places the onus on the drawer to prove the validity of the transaction and the genuineness of the instrument. The appellate framework under the Act requires that an appellate court respect the findings of the trial court where two reasonable inferences are possible, ensuring that the presumption of innocence is not lightly displaced.
(B) Key legal principles include: the appellate court must not lightly substitute its inference for that of the trial court; the prosecution must prove the transaction's existence and the cheque's genuineness beyond reasonable doubt; and the trial courts assessment of witness credibility and documentary evidence carries significant weight unless clearly perverse. The necessity of examining material witnesses, such as the advocate who allegedly facilitated the transaction, is crucial to establishing the prosecutions case.
Facts of the case:
The respondent advanced a cash sum for the appellants hospital expansion and received a dishonoured cheque with a 'Payment stopped by the drawer' endorsement. The appellant claimed the cheque was blank, given to a third party in a chit transaction, and misused. The trial court dismissed the complaint due to gaps in the prosecutions evidence, while the High Court convicted based on new inferences.
Findings of Court:
The trial court found the respondent failed to prove payment, partly due to the non-examination of key witnesses and inconsistencies in the cheques ink. The High Court reversed this by drawing adverse inferences from non-examination of the appellant and questioned the trial courts reasoning without properly assessing its findings.
Issues:
Whether the High Court correctly exercised its appellate power by reversing an acquittal on a different rationale without finding the trial courts conclusions to be perverse or contrary to material on record.
Ratio Decidendi:
An appellate court must not disturb a trial courts acquittal merely because another inference is possible; it must identify specific errors or perversity in the lower courts reasoning, adhering to the principle of non-interference where reasonable doubt exists.
Result:
The appeal is allowed, the High Courts judgment is set aside, and the acquittal is restored.
JUDGMENT
Santosh Hegde, J.-This appeal by special leave is preferred against the judgment of the High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam dated 17.11.1995 made in Criminal Appeal No.438/93 whereby the appellant herein was found guilty of an offence punishable under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act (the Act), and was convicted and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs.37,500/- and in default to undergo RI for a period of 3 months. The High Court had further directed that out of the fine, if realised, a sum of Rs. 34,500/- should be paid to the respondent herein by way of compensation.
2. Briefly stated, the prosecution case is that the respondent herein on 1.11.1990 had advanced a cash sum of Rs. 26,500/- for expansion of the appellant s hospital and towards the repayment of the said amount, the appellant had issued a cheque for the said sum which when presented to the bank, was dishonoured with an endorsement "Payment stopped by the drawer". The respondent after issuing the required statutory notice, filed a complaint against the appellant for offence under Section 138 of the Act, as stated above. The plea of the appellant was that no cheque was issued to the respondent nor any amount was borrowed from him. He stated that the cheque in question was a blank cheque issued to one Chandrappa Panicker in October, 1985 as security for future instalments of amount if due from the appellant in a chit transaction but the said Panicker did not return the cheque even after the chit transaction was over and the said cheque was misused by the respondent in collusion with said Panicker.
3. Learned 1st Class Magistrate, Cherthala, after trial, came to the conclusion that the respondent had failed to establish the payment of money as alleged by him. For this, he primarily relied on the fact that according to the complainant, the respondent did not know the appellant herein personally and he advanced the said sum of money at the instance of an advocate - Vijay Kumar - in the office of the said advocate. But the respondent had not examined said Vijay Kumar to prove this fact. The trial court also held that the respondent had not given any reason whatsoever for not examining this witness. The trial court also held that the respondent s case that the cheque in question Ex. P-1 was filled up by the appellant and brought to the office of Vijay Kumar could not be accepted because of the difference in the ink used in writing of the name and amount in the cheque and the ink used in the signature portion of the cheque. This, according to the trial court, showed that the case of the appellant that he had given a blank cheque signed was more probable. The trial court also took into consideration the fact that though the respondent had filed a civil suit for the recovery of the amount allegedly paid to the appellant under the cheque in question did not pursue the same, hence, from this fact also the trial court came to the conclusion that the appellant s version that the cheque in question was given in a blank condition to Chandrappa Panicker and the said Panicker being very close to the respondent had colluded with the respondent to make a false complaint against the appellant. The trial court also took note of the fact that the said Chandrappa Panicker was seen in the court hall during the trial but was not examined as a witness in support of the respondent s case. In this view of the matter, it came to the conclusion that the complainant/respondent has not proved his case and accordingly dismissed the complaint.
4. In appeal, however, the High Court took a contra view of the matter. The High Court held that the appellant had failed to produce the other counterfoils of his cheque-book to show whether other cheques had been issued between 1985 and 1990 to establish the fact that the cheque in question was in fact issued in the year 1985. The High Court also drew an adverse inference against the appellant for not examining himself. On the above basis, it found the appellant guilty of an offence punishable under Section 138 of the Act and, accordingly, convicted and sentenced him, as stated above.
5. We have heard learned counsel for the parties as also perused the evidence as well as the judgments of the two courts below. From the judgment of the trial court, we notice that the learned Magistrate has given cogent reasons for not accepting the evidence led on behalf of the respondent and on that basis he came to the conclusion that the complainant/respondent has not established his case. While the High Court on reappreciation of the evidence, has come to a different conclusion on entirely new grounds without considering the material considered by the trial court and as held above, convicted the appellant. While doing so, the High Court had lost sight of the fact that it was sitting as an appellate court against a judgment of acquittal passed by the trial court, therefore, there was an obligation on the part of the High Court to come to a definite conclusion that the findings of the trial court are either perverse or the same are contrary to material on record because the High Court could not have substituted its finding merely because another contrary opinion was possible based on material on record. It was the duty of the High Court to have first come to the conclusion that the conclusions arrived at by the trial court for good reasons are either unreasonable or as stated above, contrary to the material on record. In the absence of any such finding in our opinion, the High Court was in error in taking a contra view merely because another view was possible on the material on record.
6. This Court in a number of cases has held that though the appellate court has full power to review the evidence upon which the order of acquittal is founded, still while exercising such an appellate power in a case of acquittal, the appellate court, should not only consider every matter on record having a bearing on the question of fact and the reasons given by the courts below in support of its order of acquittal, it must express its reasons in the judgment which led it to hold that the acquittal is not justified. In those line of cases this Court has also held that the appellate court must also bear in mind the fact that the trial court had the benefit of seeing the witnesses in the witness box and the presumption of innocence is not weakened by the order of acquittal, and in such cases if two reasonable conclusions can be reached on the basis of the evidence on record, the appellate court should not disturb the finding of the trial court. See Bhim Singh Rup Singh v. State of Maharashtra (1974 3 SCC 762) and Dharamdeo Singh & Ors. v. The State of Bihar (1976(1) SCC 610).
7. If we examine the judgment of the two courts below in this appeal in the light of the law laid down by this Court in the above cited cases, it is to be seen that the trial court came to the conclusion that non-examination of advocate Vijay Kumar was fatal to the case of the complainant/respondent because it is the case of the respondent that he came to know the appellant through said Vijay Kumar and the amount in question was paid in the office of said Vijay Kumar. In such a situation, the trial court came to the conclusion that when the appellant has set up a possible defence of having given a blank cheque to Chandrappa Panicker in regard to a chit transaction, therefore, it was necessary for the respondent complainant to have examined the said Vijay Kumar to establish the fact that Vijay Kumar indeed, persuaded the respondent to advance the cash. We also think this was a very necessary piece of evidence to establish the fact that the respondent had in fact advanced a sum of Rs. 26,500/- to the appellant. From a perusal of the judgment of the High Court in this regard, we find that there is absolutely no discussion on this point at all. The non-consideration of this aspect of the case by the High Court, in our opinion, runs counter to the principles laid down in the above referred judgments of this Court.
8. Then again, it is to be noticed that the trial court also took into consideration the plea of the appellant that the cheque in question was given in a blank state to Chandrappa Panicker and he being a close friend of the respondent in collusion with each other misused the said cheque to defraud the appellant. The trial court also observed that non-examination of Chandrappa Panicker has also weakened the case of the respondent especially in view of the fact that the court had noticed that the said Chandrappa Panicker was seen in the premises of the court-house at the time of trial. This is also a relevant factor on which the trial court relied upon but the High Court did not consider the effect of the said default on the part of the respondent. The third circumstance relied upon by the trial court is in regard to the difference in the ink found in the body of the cheque as well as in the signature of the appellant. It is the case of the respondent that the appellant had filled up the cheque in its entirety including its signature and had brought the cheque to the office of Vijay Kumar to be handed over to the respondent but the learned Magistrate on a perusal of the cheque, found that the ink used in the body of the cheque was different from the ink used in the signature on the cheque, therefore, he drew an inference that the case put forth by the respondent was doubtful, hence, could not be accepted. Even in this regard the High Court has failed to apply its mind. Having considered the findings delivered by the trial court in regard to the above 3 points, we are of the opinion that the trial court was justified in coming to the said conclusion because of the above three deficiencies pointed out by the trial court, and that the respondent s complaint ought to fail. In such a situation, we are of the opinion that the High Court fell in error in reappreciating the case of the respondent on a totally different perspective without coming to the conclusion that the findings given by the trial court on the above three points are either irrelevant or contrary to material on record. Therefore, following the law laid down by this Court in the abovesaid cases of Bhim Singh Rup Singh (supra) and Dharamdeo Singh (supra), we are of the opinion that the High Court was in error in reversing the finding of acquittal recorded by the trial court.
9. For the above reasons, this appeal succeeds and the same is allowed, setting aside the impugned judgment of the High Court.
(N.K.R.) Appeal allowed.
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