2003 JTR(SC) 633
2003 4 AICLR 305 ; 2003 AIR(SC) 3590 ; 2003 AIR(SCW) 3466 ; 2003 2 ALD(Cri)(SC) 274 ; 2003 3 AllCJ 2120 ; 2003 2 CalLJ(SC) 362 ; 2003 3 CCR(SC) 25 ; 2003 CriLR 701 ; 2003 CriLR(Cal) 831 ; 2003 3 Crimes(SC) 131 ; 2003 CrLJ 3548 ; 2003 3 EastCrC(SC) 81 ; 2003 2 JCC 1189 ; 2003 7 JT 270 ; 2003 3 RCR(Cri) 857 ; 2003 5 Scale 327 ; 2003 6 SCC 397 ; 2003 SCC(Cri) 1377 ; 2003 Supp1 SCR 633 ; 2003 2 UJ 1185 ; 2003 2 WLC 329 ; 2003 KHC 1485 ; 2003 5 Supreme 43
2003(5) Supreme 43
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
(From Rajasthan High Court)
Doraiswamy Raju & Arijit Pasayat, JJ.
Chittar Lal -Appellant
versus
State of Rajasthan -Respondent
Criminal Appeal No. 845 of 2002
Decided on 21-7-2003
Counsel for the Parties :
For the Appellant : Ms. Minakshi Vij, Advocate (AC).
For the Respondent : Ms. Sandhya Goswami, Advocate (NP).
IMPORTANT POINT
Conviction can be based on sole testimony of eye witness though other eye witnesses turned hostile if testimony of such sole witness is found to be reliable.
Act Referred :INDIAN PENAL CODE : S.302
(A) The Indian Penal Code, 1860, Section 302, which prescribes punishment for murder, applies to the present case wherein an accused was convicted for causing the death of the deceased by a knife blow. This provision was invoked by the learned Sessions Judge, Kota, and affirmed by the Division Bench of the Rajasthan High Court on appeal, forming the substantive basis for the conviction. The appeal tested the reliability of evidence under the Indian Evidence Act principles, particularly in the context of an eye-witness whose name was not included in the First Information Report.
(B) Key legal principles include that conviction can be based on the testimony of a single witness if it is credible and reliable; the omission of a witness's name from the FIR does not automatically invalidate prosecution evidence; and the quality of evidence is determinative, not the quantity. The court also noted that a close relative of the deceased may have a disturbed mental state, which does not per se negate the value of their testimony if tested rigorously.
Facts of the case:
On 26.4.1994, the deceased was fatally stabbed at about 7.30 a.m. while walking with his cows in front of an accused person's house. The accused was alleged to have committed the act due to a motive linked to a property dispute concerning a will. The deceaseds son raised the alarm, and the accused fled. The post-mortem revealed two stab injuries, one fatal. The trial recorded conflation of some witness statements, but the key eye-witness PW 3 testified to the assault, and his testimony was tested and found credible.
Findings of Court:
The Trial Court convicted the accused under Section 302 IPC and sentenced him to life imprisonment. The High Court confirmed the conviction. The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal, holding that the testimony of PW 3 was credible and reliable, that his presence at the scene was established, and that the evidence was sufficient to support the conviction despite being from a single witness.
Issues:
Whether a conviction can stand on the basis of a single eyewitness testimony when the witness's name is not recorded in the FIR.
Whether the testimony of a close relative of the deceased is inherently unreliable due to mental disturbance.
Whether the accused was present at the scene and committed the act as alleged.
Ratio Decidendi:
The court held that Section 134 of the Indian Evidence Act does not mandate a minimum number of witnesses for conviction. The quality and reliability of evidence are determinative; if a single witness is found credible, conviction is lawful. The omission of a witness's name from the FIR is not fatal, and the circumstances of the case, including immediacy of the statement, can support a finding of truth.
Result:
The appeal is dismissed, and the conviction under Section 302 IPC is upheld.
(A) The Indian Penal Code, 1860, Section 302, which prescribes punishment for murder, applies to the present case wherein an accused was convicted for causing the death of the deceased by a knife blow. This provision was invoked by the learned Sessions Judge, Kota, and affirmed by the Division Bench of the Rajasthan High Court on appeal, forming the substantive basis for the conviction. The appeal tested the reliability of evidence under the Indian Evidence Act principles, particularly in the context of an eye-witness whose name was not included in the First Information Report.
(B) Key legal principles include that conviction can be based on the testimony of a single witness if it is credible and reliable; the omission of a witness's name from the FIR does not automatically invalidate prosecution evidence; and the quality of evidence is determinative, not the quantity. The court also noted that a close relative of the deceased may have a disturbed mental state, which does not per se negate the value of their testimony if tested rigorously.
Facts of the case:
On 26.4.1994, the deceased was fatally stabbed at about 7.30 a.m. while walking with his cows in front of an accused person's house. The accused was alleged to have committed the act due to a motive linked to a property dispute concerning a will. The deceaseds son raised the alarm, and the accused fled. The post-mortem revealed two stab injuries, one fatal. The trial recorded conflation of some witness statements, but the key eye-witness PW 3 testified to the assault, and his testimony was tested and found credible.
Findings of Court:
The Trial Court convicted the accused under Section 302 IPC and sentenced him to life imprisonment. The High Court confirmed the conviction. The Supreme Court dismissed the appeal, holding that the testimony of PW 3 was credible and reliable, that his presence at the scene was established, and that the evidence was sufficient to support the conviction despite being from a single witness.
Issues:
Whether a conviction can stand on the basis of a single eyewitness testimony when the witness's name is not recorded in the FIR.
Whether the testimony of a close relative of the deceased is inherently unreliable due to mental disturbance.
Whether the accused was present at the scene and committed the act as alleged.
Ratio Decidendi:
The court held that Section 134 of the Indian Evidence Act does not mandate a minimum number of witnesses for conviction. The quality and reliability of evidence are determinative; if a single witness is found credible, conviction is lawful. The omission of a witness's name from the FIR is not fatal, and the circumstances of the case, including immediacy of the statement, can support a finding of truth.
Result:
The appeal is dismissed, and the conviction under Section 302 IPC is upheld.
JUDGMENT
Arijit Pasayat, J.-Conviction for offence punishable under Section 302, Indian Penal Code, 1860 (for short IPC ) made by learned Sessions Judge, Kota, having been confirmed by a Division Bench of the Rajasthan High Court, Jaipur Bench, this appeal has been preferred by the accused.
2. Factual scenario as unfolded during trial is as follows :
On 26.4.1994, septuagenarian Lattor Lal (hereinafter referred to as the deceased ) lost his life at about 7.30 a.m. He was going with his cows in front of one Madan Lal s house. According-appellant Chittar Lal gave him a knife blow resulting in instantaneous death. This incident was witnessed by Dhan Raj (PW 3), Shiv Prakash (PW 5), Nathu Lal (PW 6) and others. Son of the deceased, Heera Lal (PW 1) lodged the report at the police station at about 8.15 a.m. On being told that accused was coming towards the house of Heera Lal (PW 1), his mother closed the door. When he went to the roof, he saw accused who had a knife in his hand was running towards the hospital. He reached the spot and found his father dead. The background motive for the assault was said to be execution of a Will of one house by Moti Lal, father of the accused in favour of his daughter Smt. Ganga Bai (PW 16), who later on sold the house to Bharat Kumar (PW 8) (brother of the informant). Accused did not like the transaction and had developed animus towards the deceased. On registration of the First Information Report, investigation was undertaken and charge sheet was filed. Post-mortem was conducted by Doctor (PW 18), who found two stab injuries; one in pleural cavity along with fracture of mid sternum V arranged and other 3/4" x 1/4" deep into abdominal cavity 4", 2" left to umbilicus. The case was committed to the court of Sessions Judge, Kota and trial was held by it. Prosecution examined 18 witnesses to further its version. Accused pleaded innocence.
3. During trial two witnesses who claimed to be eye-witnesses (PWs 5 and 6) made departure from the statements made during investigation. However, Dhanraj (PW 3) implicated the accused.
4. The Trial Court relying on his evidence held the accused guilty of offence punishable under Section 302 IPC and sentenced to undergo imprisonment for life.
5. In support of the appeal, learned counsel for the appellant submitted that evidence of PW3 could not have been relied upon as his name did not find place in the FIR. Additionally on the sole testimony of a young boy of 15, the conviction could not have been made. The evidence of PW3 is not cogent and credible and lacks reliability. His presence at the spot of occurrence is doubtful. The incident was claimed to have taken place at about 7.30 a.m. when he was supposed to be in the examination hall. He was student of class VI and it is hard to believe that he secured 20 marks in the oral examination, as claimed by him. On the contrary it appears that the marks were secured by him at the examination held on that date. If he appeared at the examination; question of his having seen the incident does not arise.
6. None appeared for the State of Rajasthan when the matter is called.
7. Evidence of the person whose name did not figure in the FIR as witness does perforce become suspect. There can be no hard and fast rule that the names of all witnesses more particularly eye-witnesses should be indicated in the FIR. As was observed by this Court in Shri Bhagwan vs. State of Rajasthan (2001(6) SCC 296) mere non-mention of the name of an eye-witness does not render prosecution version fragile. The information was not lodged by an eye-witness. Mental condition of a person whose father has lost life inevitably gets disturbed. Explanation offered by witnesses for non-mention of PW 3 s name is plausible. Additionally it is to be noted that in the present case the statement of PW 3 was recorded on the same date of incident, immediately after the investigation process was set into motion. Therefore, the plea that PW 3 s testimony is doubtful lacks substance. The other plea was that conviction should not have been made on the basis of a single witness (PW 3) s testimony. This plea is equally without essence. The legislative recognition of the fact that no particular number of witnesses can be insisted upon is amply reflected in Section 134 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (in short Evidence Act ). Administration of justice can be affected and hampered if number of witnesses were to be insisted upon. It is not seldom that a crime has been committed in the presence of one witness, leaving aside those cases which are not of unknown occurrence where determination of guilt depends entirely on circumstantial evidence. If plurality of witnesses would have been the legislative intent cases where the testimony of a single witness only could be available, in number of crimes offender would have gone unpunished. It is the quality of evidence of the single witness whose testimony has to be tested on the touchstone of credibility and reliability. If the testimony is found to be reliable, there is no legal impediment to convict the accused on such proof. It is the quality and not the quantity of evidence which is necessary for proving or disproving a fact. This position has been settled by a series of decisions. The first decision which has become locus classicus is Mohamad Gugal Esa Mamasan, Ger Alalah v. The King (AIR 1946 PC 3). The Privy Council focused on the difference between English Law where a number of statutes make conviction impermissible for certain categories of offences on the testimony of a single witness and Section 134 of Evidence Act. The view has been echoed in Vadivelu Thevar v. The State of Madras (AIR 1957 SC 614), Guli Chand and Ors. v. State of Rajasthan (AIR 1974 SC 276), Vahula Bhushan alias Vehuna Krishnan v. State of Tamil Nadu (AIR 1989 SC 236), Jagdish Prasad and Ors. v. State of M.P. (AIR 1994 SC 1251), and Kartik Malhar v. State of Bihar (1996(1) SCC 614).
8. Evidence of PW 3 comes unscathed on the acid test of credibility and reliability and, therefore, there can be no justification in doubting his testimony. Factual aspect regarding his alleged appearance at examination has been elaborately analysed by both the Trial Court and the High Court and it has been found that PW 3 did not appear at the examination and his presence at the spot of occurrence has been established. That being the position, the said plea of the accused-appellant also fails. Though there was no appearance on behalf of the State of Rajasthan, Ms. Minakshi Vij who has appeared as amicus curiae very fairly placed the entire material on record for consideration, and we record our appreciation for the fair approach.
The appeal fails and is dismissed.
Appeal dismissed.
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