2003 JTR(SC) 982
2003 4 AICLR 729 ; 2003 AIR(SC) 4377 ; 2003 AIR(SCW) 5180 ; 2003 2 ALD(Cri)(SC) 998 ; 2004 1 ApexCJ(SC) 57 ; 2003 4 CCR(SC) 178 ; 2004 1 CriCC 296 ; 2004 CriLR 17 ; 2003 4 Crimes(SC) 241 ; 2003 CrLJ 5054 ; 2004 1 EastCrC(SC) 17 ; 2003 Supp2 JT 393 ; 2003 4 RCR(Cri) 554 ; 2003 8 Scale 221 ; 2003 11 SCC 261 ; 2004 SCC(Cri) 126 ; 2003 SCR 165 ; 2003 2 WLC 711 ; 2003 2 RLW 729 ; 2003 5 AIC 355 ; 2003 AIHC 1939 ; 2004 ACJ 1907 ; 2003 2 RLR 268 ; 2003 2 TAC 794 ; 2003 KHC 1761 ; 2003 7 Supreme 117
2003(7) Supreme 117
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
(From Punjab and Haryana High Court)
Doraiswamy Raju & Arijit Pasayat, JJ.
State of Haryana -Appellant
versus
Jagbir Singh & Anr. -Respondents
Criminal Appeal No. 1721 of 1996
With
Criminal Appeal Nos. 1237-38/2003
(Arising out of SLP (Crl.) Nos. 1076-1077 of 1996)
Decided on 26-9-2003
Counsel for the Parties :
For the Appellant : D.P. Singh, Additional Standing Counsel, V.K. Garg, Ms. Avneet Toor, Ms. Kavita Wadia, Advocates.
For the Appellant in Criminal Appeal Nos. 1237-38/2003 : Rishi Malhotra, Prem Malhotra, Advocates.
For the Respondent in Criminal Appeal No. 1721/96 : Ms. Amita Gupta, Advocate (NP).
Act
Referred
:EVIDENCE ACT : S.73
INDIAN PENAL CODE : S.364, S.302, S.384, S.201
(A) The case invokes Sections 302, 364, 201, 384, and 201 of the Indian Penal Code read with Section 73 of the Evidence Act. Section 73 is engaged in the context of comparing a signature on a ransom note with the accuseds handwriting, but its applicability is curtailed because the comparison was sought during investigation without a pending court proceeding, rendering the section inapplicable to compel production or to validate the ransom note as evidence. The Indian Penal Code sections form the basis of the charges for kidnapping, homicide for ransom, and destruction of evidence, and the court examines whether these offences are made out beyond reasonable doubt in the face of circumstantial evidence.
(B) Circumstantial evidence must form an unbroken chain excluding every reasonable hypothesis of innocence; extra-judicial confessions must be voluntary and credible; recovery of a body based on prior knowledge is inadmissible under Section 27 of the Evidence Act; contradictions in prosecution witnesses and lack of voluntariness undermine reliance on such evidence; and the burden remains on the prosecution to prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
Facts of the case:
An innocent child approximately four years old was kidnapped and found dead, with the motive stated as ransom. The investigation produced a ransom note in the accuseds handwriting, an alleged extra-judicial confession, and a disputed recovery of the body from the accuseds premises. The trial court convicted the accused under Sections 302, 364, 201, and 384 of the Indian Penal Code, but the High Court acquitted them due to contradictions, lack of voluntariness, and evidentiary deficiencies.
Findings of Court:
The High Court found the ransom note comparison irrelevant under Section 73, rejected the alleged extra-judicial confession as non-voluntary, held the body recovery inadmissible under Section 27 due to prior knowledge, and concluded that the circumstantial evidence was insufficient to eliminate reasonable doubt or exclude the hypothesis of innocence.
Issues:
Whether the ransom note handwriting comparison under Section 73 of the Evidence Act was legally permissible during investigation, whether the alleged extra-judicial confession was voluntary and credible, whether the body recovery constituted admissible evidence under Section 27, and whether the circumstantial evidence established guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
Ratio Decidendi:
Where the prosecution relies on circumstantial evidence, the chain must be complete, conclusive, and inconsistent with innocence; extra-judicial confessions require clear proof of voluntariness; evidence obtained by prior knowledge falls outside Section 27; and any reasonable doubt or unexplained contradiction mandates acquittal.
Result:
The appeals are dismissed and the accused are acquitted, as the High Courts findings on evidentiary deficiencies and contradictions are not open to interference.
(A) The case invokes Sections 302, 364, 201, 384, and 201 of the Indian Penal Code read with Section 73 of the Evidence Act. Section 73 is engaged in the context of comparing a signature on a ransom note with the accuseds handwriting, but its applicability is curtailed because the comparison was sought during investigation without a pending court proceeding, rendering the section inapplicable to compel production or to validate the ransom note as evidence. The Indian Penal Code sections form the basis of the charges for kidnapping, homicide for ransom, and destruction of evidence, and the court examines whether these offences are made out beyond reasonable doubt in the face of circumstantial evidence.
(B) Circumstantial evidence must form an unbroken chain excluding every reasonable hypothesis of innocence; extra-judicial confessions must be voluntary and credible; recovery of a body based on prior knowledge is inadmissible under Section 27 of the Evidence Act; contradictions in prosecution witnesses and lack of voluntariness undermine reliance on such evidence; and the burden remains on the prosecution to prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
Facts of the case:
An innocent child approximately four years old was kidnapped and found dead, with the motive stated as ransom. The investigation produced a ransom note in the accuseds handwriting, an alleged extra-judicial confession, and a disputed recovery of the body from the accuseds premises. The trial court convicted the accused under Sections 302, 364, 201, and 384 of the Indian Penal Code, but the High Court acquitted them due to contradictions, lack of voluntariness, and evidentiary deficiencies.
Findings of Court:
The High Court found the ransom note comparison irrelevant under Section 73, rejected the alleged extra-judicial confession as non-voluntary, held the body recovery inadmissible under Section 27 due to prior knowledge, and concluded that the circumstantial evidence was insufficient to eliminate reasonable doubt or exclude the hypothesis of innocence.
Issues:
Whether the ransom note handwriting comparison under Section 73 of the Evidence Act was legally permissible during investigation, whether the alleged extra-judicial confession was voluntary and credible, whether the body recovery constituted admissible evidence under Section 27, and whether the circumstantial evidence established guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
Ratio Decidendi:
Where the prosecution relies on circumstantial evidence, the chain must be complete, conclusive, and inconsistent with innocence; extra-judicial confessions require clear proof of voluntariness; evidence obtained by prior knowledge falls outside Section 27; and any reasonable doubt or unexplained contradiction mandates acquittal.
Result:
The appeals are dismissed and the accused are acquitted, as the High Courts findings on evidentiary deficiencies and contradictions are not open to interference.
Recovery - Cited to explain that a recovery of incriminating articles is inadmissible if the police already knew where they were hidden, taking the case out of Section 27 of the Evidence Act.
CircumstantialEvidence - Cited for the principle that in circumstantial evidence cases, the inference of guilt is justified only when all facts are incompatible with the innocence of the accused.
CircumstantialEvidence - Relied upon for the principle that in circumstantial evidence, the chain must be complete and consistent only with guilt.
CircumstantialEvidence - Relied upon for the principle that circumstances must be incompatible with innocence.
CircumstantialEvidence - Relied upon for the principle of evaluating circumstantial evidence.
CircumstantialEvidence - Referred to for the standard of proof in circumstantial evidence cases.
CircumstantialEvidence - Relied upon for the principle that circumstances must be closely connected with the principal fact.
CircumstantialEvidence - Relied upon for the principle that cumulative effect of circumstances must negative innocence and prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
CircumstantialEvidence - Relied upon for laying down tests for evaluating circumstantial evidence.
CircumstantialEvidence - Referred to for the classic statement that circumstances must be fully established and consistent only with guilt.
CircumstantialEvidence - Relied upon for the five conditions precedent before conviction based on circumstantial evidence can be sustained.
CircumstantialEvidence - Relied upon to highlight recent reiteration of principles governing circumstantial evidence.
Evidence - Relied upon to hold that a Chief Judicial Magistrate has no power to direct an accused to give specimen signatures during investigation under Section 73 of the Evidence Act.
CircumstantialEvidence - Relied upon for the settled law that circumstances must be fully proved, conclusive, and consistent only with guilt.
CircumstantialEvidence - Relied upon for the principle that if evidence is reasonably capable of two inferences, the one in favour of the accused must be accepted.
JUDGMENT
Arijit Pasayat, J.-Leave granted in SLP (Crl.) Nos. 1076-1077/1996.
2. Questioning legality of judgment rendered by a Division Bench of the Punjab and Haryana High Court, Criminal Appeal No. 1721 of 1996 has been filed by the State of Haryana. The other two appeals are by the informant. An innocent child of about 4 years was the victim of unnatural death. According to the prosecution, respondents caused his homicidal death after kidnapping him. The motive for the killing was stated to be intended demand of ransom for his release. The Sessions Judge, Bhiwani found the respondent-accused Jagbir Singh to be guilty of offences punishable under Section 302 IPC. He was also convicted for offence punishable under Sections 364, 201 and 384 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short the IPC ). For the offence punishable under Section 302 IPC he was awarded death sentence and for other offences period of sentence already undergone in custody. Accused Umed Singh was convicted for offences punishable under Section 201 IPC and was directed to suffer RI for 3 years and fine. Both the accused persons preferred appeal before the High Court. The High Court by the impugned judgment found them not guilty.
3. According to the prosecution, death of the victim was on 6.9.1991 and passing through a chain of incidents and happenings, finally the First Information Report was lodged on 9.9.1991. In between, a ransom letter meant for somebody else was found in torn condition and that led to suspicion against the accused-respondents. Accused-Jagbir is related to Daya Nand (PW 7), a teacher. It appears that on account of several circumstances, the villagers thought that accused-Jagbir was responsible for disappearance of the child. He was given time to produce the child. A ransom note was found to be in the hand writing of accused-Jagbir and he is stated to have pointed out the place where the dead body was buried in his house and also on the basis of his information certain articles were recovered. It was also the version of PW 7 that at a point of time, accused-Jagbir was taken to the police with the material indicating his complicity in the alleged incident. But the police did not arrest him and left him off. It was pointed out there was grave doubt about the manner in which the investigation was being conducted, and alleged inaction of police. On completion of investigation charge sheet was placed and accused faced trial. The case before the Trial Court was based on circumstantial evidence. The circumstances which according to the prosecution established guilt of the accused are as follows :
(1) The ransom notes were in the handwriting of the accused-Jagbir Singh;
(2) There was extra-judicial confession before PW-10 and;
(3) Recovery of dead body on the basis of information given by the accused while in custody in terms of Section 27 of the Evidence Act, 1872 (for short the Evidence Act ).
4. The Trial Court found the above circumstances sufficient for establishing guilt of the accused persons for the offences alleged. In appeal, the High Court upset the findings and held the accused persons not guilty.
5. In support of the appeals, learned counsel for the State and the informant submitted that the High Court s approach was erroneous. It failed to notice that the police was adopting a partisan role and the evidence of witnesses brought on record was in a particular line. The investigation was done otherwise and the police did not place adequate material before the Court. It was pointed out that the ransom note has been erroneously discarded by the High Court. It should have noticed that the accused-Jagbir accepted the handwriting to be his and, therefore, the handwriting expert s report was available to be used against the accused; particularly when the handwriting was given voluntarily for comparison. Further the extra judicial confession before PW-10 has been discarded without any reasonable basis. Finally, when the dead body was recovered from the house of the accused on the basis of the information given while in custody, the High Court should have relied upon the same.
6. There was no appearance for the respondents-accused when the matter was taken up for hearing, though the respondents had appeared through their counsel, and the cause list indicated name of the counsel.
7. It is unfortunate that an innocent child has lost his life but the crucial question is whether the accused persons were responsible for his death and the prosecution was able to prove its claims beyond reasonable doubt. As stated earlier the case rests on circumstantial evidence.
8. It has been consistently laid down by this Court that where a case rests squarely on circumstantial evidence, the inference of guilt can be justified only when all the incriminating facts and circumstances are found to be incompatible with the innocence of the accused or the guilt of any other person. (See Hukam Singh v. State of Rajasthan AIR (1977 SC 1063); Eradu & Ors. v. State of Hyderabad (AIR 1956 SC 316); Earabhadrappa v. State of Karnataka (AIR 1983 SC 446); State of U.P. v. Sukhbasi & Ors. (AIR 1985 SC 1224); Balwinder Singh v. State of Punjab (AIR 1987 SC 350); Ashok Kumar Chatterjee v. State of M.P. (AIR 1989 SC 1890). The circumstances from which an inference as to the guilt of the accused is drawn have to be proved beyond reasonable doubt and have to be shown to be closely connected with the principal fact sought to be inferred from those circumstances. In Bhagat Ram v. State of Punjab (AIR 1954 SC 621), it was laid down that where the case depends upon the conclusion drawn from circumstances the cumulative effect of the circumstances must be such as to negative the innocence of the accused and bring the offences home beyond any reasonable doubt.
9. We may also make a reference to a decision of this Court in C. Chenga Reddy and Ors. v. State of A.P. (1996) 10 SCC 193, wherein it has been observed thus :
"In a case based on circumstantial evidence, the settled law is that the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is drawn should be fully proved and such circumstances must be conclusive in nature. Moreover, all the circumstances should be complete and there should be no gap left in the chain of evidence. Further the proved circumstances must be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused and totally inconsistent with his innocence...."
10. In Padala Veera Reddy v. State of A.P. and Ors. (AIR 1990 SC 79), it was laid down that when a case rests upon circumstantial evidence, such evidence must satisfy the following tests :
"(1) the circumstances from which an inference of guilt is sought to be drawn, must be cogently and firmly established;
(2) those circumstances should be of a definite tendency unerringly pointing towards guilt of the accused;
(3) the circumstances, taken cumulatively should form a chain so complete that there is no escape from the conclusion that within all human probability the crime was committed by the accused and none else; and
(4) the circumstantial evidence in order to sustain conviction must be complete and incapable of explanation of any other hypothesis than that of the guilt of the accused and such evidence should not only be consistent with the guilt of the accused but should be inconsistent with his innocence.
11. In State of U.P. v. Ashok Kumar Srivastava (1992 Crl.L.J. 1104), it was pointed out that great care must be taken in evaluating circumstantial evidence and if the evidence relied on is reasonably capable of two inferences, the one in favour of the accused must be accepted. It was also pointed out that the circumstances relied upon must be found to have been fully established and the cumulative effect of all the facts so established must be consistent only with the hypothesis of guilt.
12. Sir Alfred Wills in his admirable book "Wills" Circumstantial Evidence" (Chapter VI) lays down the following rules specially to be observed in the case of circumstantial evidence : (1) the facts alleged as the basis of any legal inference must be clearly proved and beyond reasonable doubt connected with the factum probandum; (2) the burden of proof is always on the party who asserts the existence of any fact, which infers legal accountability; (3) in all cases, whether of direct or circumstantial evidence the best evidence must be adduced which the nature of the case admits; (4) in order to justify the inference of guilt, the inculpatory facts must be incompatible with the innocence of the accused and incapable of explanation, upon any other reasonable hypothesis than that of his guilt, (5) if there be any reasonable doubt of the guilt of the accused, he is entitled as of right to be acquitted".
13. There is no doubt that conviction can be based solely on circumstantial evidence but it should be tested by the touch-stone of law relating to circumstantial evidence laid down by the this Court as far back as in 1952.
14. In Hanumant Govind Nargundkar and Anr. v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (AIR 1952 SC 343), wherein it was observed thus :
"It is well to remember that in cases where the evidence is of a circumstantial nature, the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn should be in the first instance be fully established and all the facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused. Again, the circumstances should be of a conclusive nature and tendency and they should be such as to exclude every hypothesis but the one proposed to be proved. In other words, there must be a chain of evidence so far complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for a conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and it must be such as to show that within all human probability the act must have been done by the accused."
15. A reference may be made to a later decision in Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra, (AIR 1984 SC 1622). Therein, while dealing with circumstantial evidence, it has been held that onus was on the prosecution to prove that the chain is complete and the infirmity of lacuna in prosecution cannot be cured by false defence or plea. The conditions precedent in the words of this Court, before conviction could be based on circumstantial evidence, must be fully established. They are :
(1) the circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is to be drawn should be fully established. The circumstances concerned must or should and not may be established;
(2) the facts so established should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the accused, that is to say, they should not be explainable on any other hypothesis except that the accused is guilty;
(3) the circumstances should be of a conclusive nature and tendency;
(4) they should exclude every possible hypothesis except the one to be proved; and
(5) there must be a chain of evidence so complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for the conclusion consistent with the innocence of the accused and must show that in all human probability the act must have been done by the accused.
16. These aspects were recently highlighted in State of Rajasthan v. Rajaram (2003 AIR SCW 4097).
17. We shall examine the circumstances highlighted. So far as ransom notes are concerned, prosecution sought to rely upon the report given by the handwriting expert. It appears that the accused was taken before Addl. Chief Judicial Magistrate, Bhiwani. According to him, on 10.9.1991 the accused was brought before him in custody for giving his specimen signature under Section 73 of the Evidence Act. It was noticed by this Court in State of Uttar Pradesh v. Ram Babu Misra AIR 1980 SC 791) that the Chief Judicial Magistrate has no power to direct the accused to give his specimen signature for comparison during investigation. Section 73 of the Evidence Act reads as follows :
"Section 73-Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or proved : In order to ascertain whether a signature, writing, or seal is that of the person by whom it purports to have been written or made, any signature, writing, or seal admitted or proved to the satisfaction of the Court to have been written or made by that person may be compared with the one which is to be proved, although that signature, writing, or seal has not been produced or proved for any other purpose.
The Court may direct any person present in court to write any words or figures for the purpose of enabling the Court to compare the words or figures so written with any words or figures alleged to have been written by such person.
This section also applies, with any necessary modifications, to finger-impressions".
18. The second paragraph of Section 73 enables the Court to direct any person present in the Court to give specimen writings for the purpose of enabling the Court to compare such writings with writings alleged to have been written by such person. The clear implication of the words for the purpose of enabling the Court to compare is that there is some proceeding before the Court in which or as a consequence of which it might be necessary for the Court to compare such writings. The direction is to be given for the purpose of enabling the Court to compare and not for the purpose of enabling the investigating or other agency to compare . If the case is still under investigation there is no present proceeding before the Court in which or as a consequence of which it might be necessary to compare the writings. The language of Section 73 does not permit a court to give a direction to the accused to give specimen writings for anticipated necessity for comparison in a proceeding which may later be instituted in the Court.
19. In order to enable exercise of power under Section 73, the pendency of a proceeding before the Court is the sine qua non. Therefore, the comparison of the signature on the alleged ransom note in no way helps the prosecution.
20. Great emphasis was laid by learned counsel for the State on the evidence of PW-4, the Addl. CJM that accused had admitted that the signature was his. This statement is of no assistance. The witness has admitted that the statement was made before him by the accused in the presence of police officials. The second circumstance is the alleged extra judicial confession before PW-10. The High Court has analysed the evidence in great detail. It is on record that the accused-Jagbir was being taken to various places and at different points of time he was being pressurized to make statement. Though the accused was claimed to have made the statement in the presence of large number of persons, a combined reading of the evidence shows that nobody else speaks about the so-called extra judicial confession, not even those who have been examined as PWs. Though PW 10 said that there were many persons who had heard it, no other person has stated about it. The statement of PWs 7 and 10 goes to show that accused was being interrogated by PWs and other villagers as well as his father and other relatives. Interrogation continued for about 3 days when allegedly Jagbir confessed his guilt. Though the First Information Report was lodged by PW 7 after knowing about the extra judicial confession, there is no mention about this vital fact. In a given circumstance, omission to mention about the particular aspect may not render prosecution version suspicious. But when circumstances in the present case are taken in the entirety alleged extra judicial confession is not believable. In order to make an extra judicial confession a reliable evidence it has to be shown that the same was voluntary. The factual scenario as presented by the prosecution goes to show that the alleged extra judicial confession cannot be termed to be voluntary even if it was said to have been made, as claimed. The High Court was right in discarding the alleged extra judicial confession.
21. What remains now to be seen is whether the recovery of the dead body from the premises of accused establishes prosecution version. According to the prosecution when the Panchayat gave time to the accused to produce the boy alive or dead, he accepted that the dead body was buried in his compound. The accused dug the land and on seeing leg of the dead body they stopped digging and went to the police. The High Court has found that prosecution claimed that the two accused were arrested by the Sub Inspector Mahender Singh Bhatti (PW 12) on 9.9.1995 on the culvert of Jai Canal about 8.00 p.m. in the presence of one Chatter Singh and Om Parkash. However, Om Parkash (PW 10) has denied about the arrest of the accused by PW 12 near canal. From the statement of PW 12, it appears that the accused persons after their arrest made disclosure of the statement about ransom, concealment of the dead body and that the dead body recovered in the presence of aforesaid Chatter Singh and Om Parkash (PW 10). It is belied by the statement of Om Parkash (PW 10). According to this witness, when the accused made a voluntary statement in the presence of many others he pointed out where the body was buried. They went to the police station where they met PW 12 and told him about finding the dead body. PW 10 told him that dead body was to be handed over to Sr. S.P. or the Dy. S.P. Evidence of PW 10 further shows that PW 12 accompanied by another ASI and other police officials went to the village. There many people had assembled and as the villagers started shouting and agitating that led to altercation; both the accused were arrested by the Dy. S.P. Thereafter it is stated that the accused-Jagbir made a disclosure statement, where he (PW 10) and Chatter Singh were stated to be eyewitnesses. One thing is clear that there are unexplained contradictions about the place where the accused were arrested and manner of recovery. Since the dead body was recovered on the basis of information already known, Section 27 of the Evidence Act has no application. As observed by this Court in Aher Raja Khima v. State of Saurashtra (AIR 1956 SC 217), if a recovery of the incriminating articles alleged to have been made by the accused while in custody is inadmissible in evidence if the police already known where they were hidden. That takes the case out the purview of Section 27 of the Evidence Act.
22. However, if a witness can be believed that in his presence the accused person gave recovery of something (of course while not in police custody) it may be a suspicious circumstance, de hors Section 27 of the Evidence Act. But, as noted above, the High Court has analysed the evidence in the present case in great detail to find the evidence to be contradictory and unacceptable in relation to extra judicial confession and alleged recovery. That being so, the High Court s conclusion cannot be faulted.
23. Looked from any angle the judgment of the High Court does not suffer from any infirmity which warrants interference.
24. It is true that an innocent child has lost his life and there may be some truth about deficiency in the evidence collection mode. But the court can act on the evidence brought before it. Even though the investigation may not be entirely blemishless, at the same time when the material brought on record is insufficient, the course adopted by the High Court cannot be faulted. It does not appear that before the Trial Court or the High Court any grievance was made regarding remiss in investigation or not making investigation in the right direction.
The appeals are without merit and deserve dismissal, which we direct.
Appeal dismissed.
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