2003 JTR(SC) 1055
2004 16 AIC 336 ; 2003 AIR(SC) 4179 ; 2003 AIR(SCW) 5488 ; 2004 1 AllCJ 612 ; 2004 2 CHN(SC) 102 ; 2004 3 CivLJ 81 ; 2003 4 CTC 442 ; 2003 3 DNJ 899 ; 2003 99 FLR 1171 ; 2004 1 ICC 557 ; 2004 1 JCR(SC) 38 ; 2005 11 JT 285 ; 2005 23 LCD 622 ; 2004 2 MhLJ(SC) 565 ; 2004 1 MLJ 61 ; 2004 2 MPLJ 302 ; 2003 2 PLJ 525 ; 2003 9 Scale 35 ; 2004 1 SCC 328 ; 2003 SCR 1042 ; 2004 1 SLR 39 ; 2004 1 WBLR 353 ; 2004 KHC 362 ; 2003 7 Supreme 474
2003(7) Supreme 474
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
(From Punjab and Haryana High Court)
Doraiswamy Raju & Arijit Pasayat, JJ.
State of Punjab -Appellant
versus
Darshan Singh -Respondent
Civil Appeal Nos. 8479-8480 of 2003
(Arising out of SLP (C) Nos. 22777-22778/2002)
Decided on 29-10-2003
Counsel for the Parties :
For the Appellant : Atul Nanda, Addl. Advocate General for Punjab and R.S. Suri, Advocate.
For the Respondent : Balbir Sigh Gupta, Advocate.
IMPORTANT POINT
Omission sought to be corrected in a judgment, decree order which goes to merits of the case is beyond the scope of Section 152 CPC.
Act Referred :CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE : S.152
(A) The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (referred as Section 152) governs the correction of clerical and arithmetical mistakes in judgments, decrees, or orders. In this appeal, the Supreme Court examined the scope of this limited power when invoked to modify an earlier appellate order that had directed an employee be reinstated with pay adjustments. The Court clarified that Section 152 cannot be used to re-litigate merits, review exercise of discretion, or effectively pass a new judicial order after the judgment has become final, drawing support from prior precedents on the finality of decrees.
(B) The key legal principles are that Section 152 is a narrow remedial provision for correcting inadvertent errors, not a tool for re-argument or review; the maxim actus curiae neminem gravabit underpins its operation to prevent courts from prejudicing parties by their own mistakes; and appellate courts cannot use it to vary or deepen relief already granted, distinguishing ministerial corrections from judicial review.
Facts of the case:
The respondent-employee was removed from service in 1977, reinstated after an appeal with directions on increments and promotion to be determined by the department, and then filed a suit seeking declarations on his removal and pay fixation. The suit was dismissed initially, set aside on appeal, and the matter culminated in an order under Section 152 to delete a portion of the earlier judgment. The State challenged this, leading to two appeals before the High Court, which were dismissed, prompting further appeals to the Supreme Court.
Findings of Court:
The Supreme Court found that the order passed under Section 152 exceeded its permissible scope as it effectively re-opened the merits and operated as a disguised review, contrary to settled law on the finality of judgments and the limited purpose of Section 152. The Court held that the first appellate court and the High Court were in error in entertaining and amplifying relief through this provision.
Issues:
Whether Section 152 of the Code of Civil Procedure can be invoked to correct alleged errors that go to the merits of the case and effectively vary the relief granted; whether a suit filed after the limitation period can be sustained under this provision; and whether an appellate court can amend an earlier appellate order under the guise of correction.
Ratio Decidendi:
Section 152 is strictly confined to correcting clerical or arithmetical mistakes and errors arising from accidental slips or omissions, and cannot be used to re-litigate issues, review discretionary orders, or modify the substantive relief already granted, as doing so would violate the principle of finality and the maxim actus curiae neminem gravabit.
Result:
The appeal relating to Second Appeal No. 3618/1987 is dismissed, and the appeal relating to Second Appeal No. 1472/1988 is allowed, with no order as to costs.
(A) The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (referred as Section 152) governs the correction of clerical and arithmetical mistakes in judgments, decrees, or orders. In this appeal, the Supreme Court examined the scope of this limited power when invoked to modify an earlier appellate order that had directed an employee be reinstated with pay adjustments. The Court clarified that Section 152 cannot be used to re-litigate merits, review exercise of discretion, or effectively pass a new judicial order after the judgment has become final, drawing support from prior precedents on the finality of decrees.
(B) The key legal principles are that Section 152 is a narrow remedial provision for correcting inadvertent errors, not a tool for re-argument or review; the maxim actus curiae neminem gravabit underpins its operation to prevent courts from prejudicing parties by their own mistakes; and appellate courts cannot use it to vary or deepen relief already granted, distinguishing ministerial corrections from judicial review.
Facts of the case:
The respondent-employee was removed from service in 1977, reinstated after an appeal with directions on increments and promotion to be determined by the department, and then filed a suit seeking declarations on his removal and pay fixation. The suit was dismissed initially, set aside on appeal, and the matter culminated in an order under Section 152 to delete a portion of the earlier judgment. The State challenged this, leading to two appeals before the High Court, which were dismissed, prompting further appeals to the Supreme Court.
Findings of Court:
The Supreme Court found that the order passed under Section 152 exceeded its permissible scope as it effectively re-opened the merits and operated as a disguised review, contrary to settled law on the finality of judgments and the limited purpose of Section 152. The Court held that the first appellate court and the High Court were in error in entertaining and amplifying relief through this provision.
Issues:
Whether Section 152 of the Code of Civil Procedure can be invoked to correct alleged errors that go to the merits of the case and effectively vary the relief granted; whether a suit filed after the limitation period can be sustained under this provision; and whether an appellate court can amend an earlier appellate order under the guise of correction.
Ratio Decidendi:
Section 152 is strictly confined to correcting clerical or arithmetical mistakes and errors arising from accidental slips or omissions, and cannot be used to re-litigate issues, review discretionary orders, or modify the substantive relief already granted, as doing so would violate the principle of finality and the maxim actus curiae neminem gravabit.
Result:
The appeal relating to Second Appeal No. 3618/1987 is dismissed, and the appeal relating to Second Appeal No. 1472/1988 is allowed, with no order as to costs.
correction - The court cited this case to support the view that Section 152 cannot be used to modify, alter, or add to the terms of an original judgment.
JUDGMENT
Arijit Pasayat, J.-Leave granted.
Both the appeals are taken up together for disposal.
2. The State of Punjab questions correctness of judgment rendered by learned Single Judge of Punjab and Haryana High Court in Second Appeals Nos. 3618/1987 and 1472/1988 affirming the judgment and decree passed in appeal by the learned Additional District Judge, Patiala. The First Appellate court had reversed the judgment and decree passed by learned Senior Subordinate Judge, Patiala dismissing the suit filed by the respondent-employee.
3. Factual background giving rise to these appeals in a nutshell is as follows :
Respondent as plaintiff filed a suit in the Court of Senior Subordinate Judge, Patiala for a declaration that the order dated 13.3.1977 passed by the State through the Collector, Patiala removing him from service is unconstitutional, illegal, null and void, mala fide, ineffective, inoperative, improper and discriminatory. A further prayer was for a declaration that he was entitled to have his pay fixed in the appropriate scale by counting the period of his alleged forced absence. Averments in the plaint were to the following effect : He was employed as a Senior Compositor in the Government Press, Printing and Stationary Department, Patiala. He was appointed in 1970 and was removed from service by order dated 13.3.1977. He made several representations to the Government and by order dated 14.2.1979 the Government passed an order for appointing him as a Junior Compositor and consequentially the Additional Controller, Patiala issued fresh order of appointment appointing him as a Junior Compositor on temporary basis as a new appointee. Three issues were framed which read as follows :
"1. Whether the plaintiff is entitled to the declaration prayed for?
2. Whether suit is not maintainable?
3. Whether the suit is bad for non-joinder and mis-joinder of necessary parties?"
4. After considering the evidence on record the suit was dismissed. An appeal was preferred before the Additional District Judge who held that the dismissal was bad. Though it was the stand of the State that the work of the respondent-employee was not up to the required mark, the first Appellate Court held that the review of performance should have been done every year, and since it was done after several years, the order of termination was bad and when the plaintiff was taken back in service it could not have been ordered that he will be taken back as fresh recruit. The order being whimsical in nature, no reason was forthcoming as to why his representations were not rejected altogether and why he was allowed to be taken back as fresh recruit. While granting this relief the following order was also passed :
"It is made clear that it is up to the department to grant him or not to grant him increments for the past service rendered by him. It will be again for the department to decide whether he is or he is not fit to be promoted after taking his past service into account".
5. The respondent-employee filed an application purported to be made under Section 152 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (in short the Code ) claiming that the afore-quoted directions were not in order and deserve to be deleted. By order dated 3.2.1988 learned Additional District Judge, Patiala deleted the afore-quoted portion on the ground that if the said portion remains, it would have the effect of neutralizing the relief granted to the plaintiff-appellant before it. In the aforesaid manner, the judgment and decree passed on 4.6.1987 in appeal was reviewed. The State filed Second Appeals Nos. 3618/87 and 1472/1988 under Section 100 of the Code before the High Court which by the impugned judgment dismissed the same. It is relevant to note that first appeal related to original judgment of the first appellate Court while second one related to the order dated 3.2.1988 passed under Section 152 of the Code modifying the judgment.
6. The High Court by the impugned consolidated judgment in the two appeals came to hold that the decision of this Court in Central Inland Water Transport Corporation Ltd. and Anr. v. Brojo Nath Ganguly and Anr. (AIR 1986 SC 1571) was clearly applicable. When the employee was taken back to service it could not have been ordered that he will be taken back as fresh recruit. The plaintiff-employee s services should not have been terminated without assigning any reason after six to seven years of service.
7. In support of the appeals, learned counsel for the State of Punjab submitted that the respondent-employee did not approach the Court with clean hands. He was appointed on 22.12.1970 and was terminated by order dated 18.3.1977. He went on making representations and finally an order was passed by the Government on 14.2.1979 for taking him back as a fresh recruit on temporary basis. The consequential order was issued on 23.2.1979. The suit was filed more than five years of the fresh appointed on 8.12.1984, with a prayer to declare the termination in 1977 to be bad. Specific stand of the department had not been taken note of that there was no challenge in fact to the fresh order of appointment. It was not open to the First Appellate Court or the High Court to make out a new case for interference. The period of limitation prescribed under the Limitation Act, 1963 (in short the Limitation Act ) for filing a declaratory suit is 3 years and admittedly a suit was filed after seven years. In any event, there was no scope for amending the order in the manner done in purported exercise of power under Section 152 of the Code.
8. In response, learned counsel for the respondent-employee submitted that the decision in Central Water Transport s case (supra) is clearly applicable in view of the unblemished conduct of the employee. There was scope for applying Section 152 of the Code when the original order did not reflect the true intention of the Court passing the order.
9. We shall first deal with the case relating to the suit being belated. It appears that no specific issue was framed in that regard though the Government in its written statement specifically took the plea. Learned counsel for the State submitted that issue No. (2) was wide enough to take note of the plea relating to limitation. If the issue was not framed specifically a different course was available to be adopted by the respondent which does not appear to have been done. In Second Appeals preferred before the High Court also there was no specific plea regarding the question of limitation. That being so, we are not inclined to go into the question as to belated filing of the suit.
10. But learned counsel for the appellant is on terra firma so far as the submission relating to the scope of exercising power under Section 152 is concerned.
11. Section 152 provides for correction of clerical or arithmetical mistakes in judgments, decrees or orders or errors arising therein from any accidental slip or omission. The exercise of this power contemplates the correction of mistakes by the Court of its ministerial actions and does not contemplate of passing effective judicial orders after the judgment, decree or order. The settled position of law is that after the passing of the judgment, decree or order, the same becomes final subject to any further avenues of remedies provided in respect of the same and the very Court or the tribunal cannot, on mere change of view, is not entitled to vary the terms of the judgments, decrees and orders earlier passed except by means of review, if statutorily provided specifically therefor and subject to the conditions or limitations provided therein. The powers under Section 152 of the Code are neither to be equated with the power of review nor can be said to be akin to review or even said to clothe the Court concerned under the guise of invoking after the result of the judgment earlier rendered, in its entirety or any portion or part of it. The corrections contemplated are of correcting only accidental omissions or mistakes and not all omissions and mistakes which might have been committed by the Court while passing the judgment, decree or order. The omission sought to be corrected which goes to the merits of the case is beyond the scope of Section 152 as if it is looking into it for the first time, for which the proper remedy for the aggrieved party if at all is to file appeal or revision before the higher forum or review application before the very forum, subject to the limitations in respect of such review. It implies that the Section cannot be pressed into service to correct an omission which is intentional, however erroneous that may be. It has been noticed that the courts below have been liberally construing and applying the provisions of Sections 151 and 152 of Code even after passing of effective orders in the lis pending before them. No Court can, under the cover of the aforesaid sections, modify, alter or add to the terms of its original judgment, decree or order. Similar view was expressed by this Court in Dwaraka Das v. State of Madhya Pradesh and Anr. (1999(3) SCC 500) and Jayalakshmi Coelho v. Oswald Joseph Coelho (2001 (4) SCC 181).
12. The basis of the provision under Section 152 of the Code is founded on the maxim actus curiae neminem gravabit i.e. an act of Court shall prejudice no man. The maxim "is founded upon justice and good sense, and affords a safe and certain guide for the administration of the law", said Cresswell J. in Freeman v. Tranah (12 C.B. 406). An unintentional mistake of the Court which may prejudice the cause of any party must and alone could be rectified. In Master Construction Co. (P) Ltd. v. State of Orissa (AIR 1966 SC 1047) it was observed that the arithmetical mistake is a mistake of calculation, a clerical mistake is a mistake in writing or typing whereas an error arising out of or occurring from accidental slip or omission is an error due to careless mistake on the part of the Court liable to be corrected. To illustrate this point it was said that in a case where the order contains something which is not mentioned in the decree, it would be a case of unintentional omission or mistake as the mistake or omission is attributable to the Court which may say something or omit to say something which it did not intend to say or omit. No new arguments or re-arguments or merits can be entertained to facilitate such rectification of mistakes. The provision cannot be invoked to modify, alter or add to the terms of the original order or decree so as to, in effect, pass an effective judicial order after the judgment in the case.
13. Above being the position, the first Appellate Court was not justified in exercising power under Section 152 of the Code and the High Court was equally in error by putting its seal of approval thereon. Therefore, the appeal relatable to the judgment in Second Appeal No. 3618/1987 is dismissed while the one relating to Second Appeal No. 1472/1988 is allowed. There shall be no order as to costs.
Appeal No. 1472 allowed. Other appeal dismissed.
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