2005 JTR(SC) 376
2005 28 AIC 65 ; 2005 2 AICLR 828 ; 2005 AIR(SC) 2989 ; 2005 AIR(SCW) 2074 ; 2005 2 ALD(Cri)(SC) 330 ; 2005 2 BBCJ(SC) 244 ; 2005 2 CalLJ(SC) 91 ; 2005 2 CriCC 570 ; 2005 2 Crimes(SC) 7 ; 2005 CrLJ 2199 ; 2005 2 CurLJ 217 ; 2005 2 EastCrC(SC) 139 ; 2005 1 JCC 490 ; 2005 3 JT 233 ; 2005 2 KLT(SN) 34 ; 2005 1 LawHerald(SC) 773 ; 2005 2 Scale 457 ; 2005 9 SCC 195 ; 2005 SCC(Cri) 1213 ; 2005 2 SCR 450 ; 2005 1 WLC 585 ; 2005 KHC 642 ; 2005 2 Supreme 421
2005(2) Supreme 421
Supreme Court of India
(From Punjab and Haryana High Court)
Arijit Pasayat & S.H. Kapadia, JJ.
Harbans Kaur & Anr. —Appellants
versus
State of Haryana —Respondent
Criminal Appeal No. 370 of 2005
(Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 3526 of 2004)
Decided on 1-3-2005
Counsel for the Parties :
For the Appellants : Salil Bali, Rajesh K. Sharma and Ms. Shalu Sharma, Advocates.
For the Respondent : D.P. Singh, Ms. Avneet Toor and Vinay Kumar Garg, Advocates.
Important pointThere is no proposition of law that relatives are to be treated as untruthful witnesses unless reasons are shown that witnesses had reason to shield actual culprit and falsely implicate accused.
Act
Referred
:CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE : S.154
INDIAN PENAL CODE : S.323, S.325, S.326, S.34
(A) The accused were convicted under Sections 323, 325 and 326 read with Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. Section 323 defines punishment for voluntarily causing hurt, Section 325 prescribes punishment for grievous hurt, and Section 326 defines punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt by dangerous weapons or means. Section 34 establishes the principle of joint liability for criminal acts carried out in furtherance of a common intention, functioning as a rule of evidence rather than creating a substantive offence. The facts revealed a sudden, unprovoked assault involving specific violent weapons, causing grievous injuries to the deceased, with the accused acting in concert.
(B) Key legal principles include that Section 34 requires a common intention and participation in a criminal act; direct proof of common intention is seldom available and may be inferred from circumstances; reliance on relative witnesses does not automatically undermine prosecution evidence; delay in lodging an FIR does not per se vitiate prosecution if a plausible explanation exists; and sentences may be modified if manifestly excessive to meet the ends of justice.
Facts of the case:
The deceased was attacked in the courtyard of his house by two accused persons armed with a Gandasi and a lathi, sustaining grievous injuries including an incised wound and abrasions. The incident was witnessed by relatives of the deceased, who immediately took the victim to a Primary Health Centre where he was declared dead. The FIR was lodged after a short delay due to the urgency of hospitalisation. The accused fled the scene. The trial court and High Court convicted the accused under Section 304 read with Section 34 IPC and imposed rigorous imprisonment terms.
Findings of Court:
The courts below correctly relied on the testimonies of prosecution witnesses, including relatives, as their credibility was not impeached. Section 34 was properly applied on the principle of joint liability for a common unlawful purpose. The sentence of seven years under Section 326 read with Section 34 was deemed excessive, and mitigation was appropriate.
Issues:
Whether relatives are credible witnesses; whether delay in lodging the FIR undermines the prosecution case; whether Section 34 applies without an overt act; and whether the sentence imposed is proportionate and just.
Ratio Decidendi:
Section 34 operates as a rule of evidence to attribute criminal liability to individuals acting in furtherance of a common intention inferred from the collective act. Conviction under Section 34 does not require identical acts by each accused, and the provision can apply even if a specific accused did not directly inflict the fatal injury. The sentence under Section 326 read with Section 34 was reduced from seven years to four years as a matter of judicial discretion to achieve substantial justice.
Result:
Appeal dismissed with modification of sentence: seven years reduced to four years under Section 326 read with Section 34 IPC, other sentences unchanged.
(A) The accused were convicted under Sections 323, 325 and 326 read with Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. Section 323 defines punishment for voluntarily causing hurt, Section 325 prescribes punishment for grievous hurt, and Section 326 defines punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt by dangerous weapons or means. Section 34 establishes the principle of joint liability for criminal acts carried out in furtherance of a common intention, functioning as a rule of evidence rather than creating a substantive offence. The facts revealed a sudden, unprovoked assault involving specific violent weapons, causing grievous injuries to the deceased, with the accused acting in concert.
(B) Key legal principles include that Section 34 requires a common intention and participation in a criminal act; direct proof of common intention is seldom available and may be inferred from circumstances; reliance on relative witnesses does not automatically undermine prosecution evidence; delay in lodging an FIR does not per se vitiate prosecution if a plausible explanation exists; and sentences may be modified if manifestly excessive to meet the ends of justice.
Facts of the case:
The deceased was attacked in the courtyard of his house by two accused persons armed with a Gandasi and a lathi, sustaining grievous injuries including an incised wound and abrasions. The incident was witnessed by relatives of the deceased, who immediately took the victim to a Primary Health Centre where he was declared dead. The FIR was lodged after a short delay due to the urgency of hospitalisation. The accused fled the scene. The trial court and High Court convicted the accused under Section 304 read with Section 34 IPC and imposed rigorous imprisonment terms.
Findings of Court:
The courts below correctly relied on the testimonies of prosecution witnesses, including relatives, as their credibility was not impeached. Section 34 was properly applied on the principle of joint liability for a common unlawful purpose. The sentence of seven years under Section 326 read with Section 34 was deemed excessive, and mitigation was appropriate.
Issues:
Whether relatives are credible witnesses; whether delay in lodging the FIR undermines the prosecution case; whether Section 34 applies without an overt act; and whether the sentence imposed is proportionate and just.
Ratio Decidendi:
Section 34 operates as a rule of evidence to attribute criminal liability to individuals acting in furtherance of a common intention inferred from the collective act. Conviction under Section 34 does not require identical acts by each accused, and the provision can apply even if a specific accused did not directly inflict the fatal injury. The sentence under Section 326 read with Section 34 was reduced from seven years to four years as a matter of judicial discretion to achieve substantial justice.
Result:
Appeal dismissed with modification of sentence: seven years reduced to four years under Section 326 read with Section 34 IPC, other sentences unchanged.
Judgment
Arijit Pasayat, J.—Leave granted.
2. Appellants call in question legality of the judgment rendered by a Division Bench of the Punjab and Haryana High Court upholding conviction of the appellants (hereinafter referred to as the ‘accused’) under Sections 323, 325 and 326 read with Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short the ‘IPC’) and sentence as imposed by the trial Court which had sentenced each to undergo rigorous imprisonment for three months, two years and seven years respectively with separate fines for each of the alleged offences with default stipulations.
3. Background facts leading to the trial of the accused appellants are as follows :
The case was registered on the basis of information lodged by Piara Singh (PW-6), which was recorded on 10.11.1989 at about 2.00 a.m. According to the informant, he and his son Sham Singh’s wife Sito (PW-7) were sitting in the courtyard of the house of Sham Singh (hereinafter referred to as the ‘deceased’). It was about 11.00 a.m. on 9.11.1989 when deceased was coming from the village after purchasing vegetables. When he reached near the house of Janta Singh, son of Dharam Singh, Harbans Kaur (A-1) armed with a Gandasi and Mitta Singh (A-2) armed with a lathi were present there. Mitta made an obscene gesture. At this Mitta Singh and the deceased exchanged hot words and abused each other. Harbans Kaur gave a Gandasi blow on the right hand of the deceased, which caused a grievous injury. Mitta Singh gave a lathi blow on the left foot of the deceased and also gave a thrust blow of lathi on the left side of his head. Deceased fell down on the ground. The occurrence was witnessed by Piara Singh (PW-6) and Sitto (PW-7). Both of them took Sham Singh injured to their house. When Piara Singh and Sito raised alarm, both the accused persons ran away from the spot. Since the condition of Sham Singh became serious during the night time, he was taken to the Primary Health Centre, Ratia. On 10.11.1989 at night at about 0.15 a.m. Dr. O.P. Kakkar examined Sham Singh. He found injury No. 1 which was an incised wound in the middle phalanx of the index finger of right hand. The second injury was an abrasion on the lateral side of upper 1/3rd part of left leg and the patient complained of pain on different parts of the body. Dr. O.P. Kakkar sent information to the Police Station, Ratia. ASI Ram Rattan reached the Primary Health Centre and recorded the statement of Piara Singh which is the FIR. On the basis of this statement, FIR was recorded by ASI Bharat Singh. Sham Singh expired at about 1.50 a.m. on 10.11.1989. Hence, information to this effect was sent.
4. The accused persons were charged for alleged commission of offences punishable under Section 304 Part-I read with Section 34 IPC. The accused persons pleaded innocence and claimed trial. Eight persons were examined to further the prosecution case. Piara Singh (PW-6) was the complainant and claimed to be an eye-witness. Smt. Sito (PW-7) wife of the deceased also claimed to be an eye-witness. Placing reliance on their evidence, the learned Additional Session Judge, Hissar found the accused persons guilty and sentenced them to undergo sentences as noted above. In appeal, the High Court confirmed the conviction and the sentences.
5. In support of the appeal, learned counsel for the accused appellants submitted that the prosecution version was based on testimonies of relatives and, therefore, does not inspire confidence. Section 34 IPC has no application to the facts of the case. Further there was delay in lodging the FIR. Additionally, it was submitted that the sentences imposed were high.
6. In response, learned counsel for the State submitted that after analysing the factual position the Courts below have found the accused persons guilty and no interference is called for. The sentences imposed are also not in any manner on the higher side.
7. There is no proposition in law that relatives are to be treated as untruthful witnesses. On the contrary, reason has to be shown when a plea of partiality is raised to show that the witnesses had reason to shield actual culprit and falsely implicate the accused. No evidence has been led in this regard. So far as the delay in lodging the FIR is concerned, the witnesses have clearly stated that after seeing the deceased in an injured condition immediate effort was to get him hospitalized and get him treated. There cannot be any generalization that whenever there is a delay in lodging the FIR, the prosecution case becomes suspect. Whether delay is so long as to throw a cloud of suspicion on the seeds of the prosecution case, would depend upon the facts of each case. Even a long delay can be condoned if the witnesses have no motive of implicating the accused and have given a plausible reason as to why the report was lodged belatedly. In the instant case, this has been done. It is to be noted that though there was cross-examination at length no infirmity was noticed in their evidence. Therefore, the trial Court and the High Court were right in relying on the evidence of the prosecution witnesses.
8. Section 34 has been enacted on the principle of joint liability in the doing of a criminal act. The Section is only a rule of evidence and does not create a substantive offence. The distinctive feature of the Section is the element of participation in action. The liability of one person for an offence committed by another in the course of criminal act perpetrated by several persons arises under Section 34 if such criminal act is done in furtherance of a common intention of the persons who join in committing the crime. Direct proof of common intention is seldom available and, therefore, such intention can only be inferred from the circumstances appearing from the proved facts of the case and the proved circumstances. In order to bring home the charge of common intention, the prosecution has to establish by evidence, whether direct or circumstantial, that there was plan or meeting of mind of all the accused persons to commit the offence for which they are charged with the aid of Section 34, be it pre-arranged or on the spur of moment; but it must necessarily be before the commission of the crime. The true contents of the Section are that if two or more persons intentionally do an act jointly, the position in law is just the same as if each of them has done it individually by himself. As observed in Ashok Kumar v. State of Punjab (AIR 1977 SC 109), the existence of a common intention amongst the participants in a crime is the essential element for application of this Section. It is not necessary that the acts of the several persons charged with commission of an offence jointly must be the same or identically similar. The acts may be different in character, but must have been actuated by one and the same common intention in order to attract the provision.
9. As it originally stood the Section 34 was in the following terms :
“When a criminal act is done by several persons, each of such persons is liable for that act in the same manner as if the act was done by him alone.”
10. In 1870, it was amended by the insertion of the words “in furtherance of the common intention of all” after the word “persons” and before the word “each”, so as to make the object of Section 34 clear. This position was noted in Mahbub Shah v. Emperor (AIR 1945 Privy Council 118).
11. The Section does not say “the common intention of all”, nor does it say “and intention common to all”. Under the provisions of Section 34 the essence of the liability is to be found in the existence of a common intention animating the accused leading to the doing of a criminal act in furtherance of such intention. As a result of the application of principles enunciated in Section 34, when an accused is convicted under Section 302 read with Section 34, in law it means that the accused is liable for the act which caused death of the deceased in the same manner as if it was done by him alone. The provision is intended to meet a case in which it may be difficult to distinguish between acts of individual members of a party who act in furtherance of the common intention of all or to prove exactly what part was taken by each of them. As was observed in Ch. Pulla Reddy and Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh (AIR 1993 SC 1899), Section 34 is applicable even if no injury has been caused by the particular accused himself. For applying Section 34 it is not necessary to show some overt act on the part of the accused.
12. The above position was highlighted recently Anil Sharma and Others v. State of Jharkhand [2004(5) SCC 679].
13. If the factual scenario as noted above is considered in the background of legal principles set out above, the inevitable conclusion is that Section 34 has been rightly applied.
14. The residual question is whether any interference is called for on the quantum of sentence. Looking into the background facts as noted above, we are of the view that custodial sentence of 4 years in place of 7 years as recorded by the Courts below for the offence relatable to Section 326 read with Section 34 IPC would meet the ends of justice. The other sentences imposed remain unaltered. With the aforesaid modification, the appeal is disposed of.
Appeal dismissed.
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