2005 JTR(SC) 869
2005 32 AIC 30 ; 2006 1 AIR(Jhar)(R) 77 ; 2005 AIR(SC) 4196 ; 2005 AIR(SCW) 5169 ; 2005 3 AllCJ 1756 ; 2005 60 AllLR 742 ; 2006 1 AllMR(SC) 16 ; 2005 3 AWC 2497 ; 2005 3 BBCJ(SC) 264 ; 2005 2 BLJR 1642 ; 2006 1 BomCR(SC) 466 ; 2005 4 CHN(SC) 135 ; 2006 2 CivCC 166 ; 2005 3 CTC 577 ; 2005 197 CTR 602 ; 2005 DNJ 603 ; 2005 2 ISJ(Banking) 393 ; 2005 3 JCR(SC) 201 ; 2005 6 JT 167 ; 2005 3 KLT(SN) 72 ; 2005 4 MhLJ(SC) 289 ; 2005 4 MPLJ 48 ; 2005 3 PLJR(SC) 212 ; 2006 1 RCR(Civ) 437 ; 2005 99 RD 399 ; 2005 RLR 330 ; 2005 5 Scale 430 ; 2005 6 SCC 181 ; 2005 5 SCJ 442 ; 2005 SCR 544 ; 2005 2 UJ 1046 ; 2005 2 WLC 188 ; 2005 KHC 1178 ; 2005 4 Supreme 738
2005(4) Supreme 738
Supreme Court of India
(From Patna High Court)
Arijit Pasayat & S.H. Kapadia, JJ.
Smt. Ram Sakhi Devi —Appellant
versus
Chhatra Devi & Ors. —Respondents
Civil Appeal No. 3608 of 2005
(Arising out of SLP (C) No. 4922/2003)
Decided on 12-7-2005
Civil Procedure Code, 1908—Section 100—Second Appeal—Memorandum of appeal must precisely state substantial question or questions of law involved and
Counsel for the Parties :
For the Appellant : D.K. Thakur and Debasis Misra, Advocates.
For the Respondents : Krishna Prasad, Sanjay R. Hegde, S.K. Verma and N.S. Bisht, Advocates.
Important point
Jurisdiction of High Court to entertain second appeal is confined only to such appeals which involve a substantial question of law and Court cannot interfere with pure questions of fact.
Act Referred :CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE : S.100
(A) Section 100 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, governs the jurisdiction of the High Court in Second Appeal. It mandates that an appeal can only be entertained if the High Court is satisfied that the case involves a substantial question of law, and such a question must be formulated either in the memorandum of appeal or by the Court itself under sub-section (4). The appeal must be decided strictly on the basis of the formulated question, and the Court is required to record reasons if it proceeds on any other ground. This ensures that the High Courts appellate jurisdiction is confined to legal principles and not factual adjudication.
(B) The core legal principles are: (i) A Second Appeal lies only if there is a substantial question of law; (ii) The memorandum of appeal must precisely state the question or questions; (iii) The High Court must formulate the question if not already framed; (iv) The appeal must be decided on the formulated question; (v) The Court may, in reasons recorded, entertain other substantial questions of law not framed; (vi) Reversal of a lower appellate court without addressing a substantial question of law is unsustainable.
Facts of the case:
The original plaintiff filed a suit for declaration of title over suit land against the defendant, Smt. Ram Sakhi Devi. The trial decree was passed in favor of the plaintiff, but the First Appellate Court reversed it. The respondents, as legal heirs of the plaintiff, filed a second appeal before the High Court. The High Court restored the trial decree without framing or deciding any substantial question of law.
Findings of Court:
The High Court failed to formulate any substantial question of law under Section 100(4) and did not base its decision on any such question framed at the time of admitting the appeal. Consequently, the impugned judgment proceeded on pure questions of fact, which is beyond its jurisdiction in a Second Appeal.
Issues:
Whether the High Court could legally restore the trial decree in a Second Appeal without formulating and deciding a substantial question of law as required under Section 100 of the Code.
Ratio Decidendi:
Section 100 of the Code limits the High Courts jurisdiction in Second Appeal to cases involving substantial questions of law. Any decision on facts or reversal of an appellate decree without framing and deciding such a question is invalid. The appeal must be decided strictly on the basis of the question formulated.
Result:
The impugned judgment is set aside and the matter is remitted to the High Court for disposal in accordance with law. The appeal is allowed in principle, but no order as to costs is made.
(A) Section 100 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, governs the jurisdiction of the High Court in Second Appeal. It mandates that an appeal can only be entertained if the High Court is satisfied that the case involves a substantial question of law, and such a question must be formulated either in the memorandum of appeal or by the Court itself under sub-section (4). The appeal must be decided strictly on the basis of the formulated question, and the Court is required to record reasons if it proceeds on any other ground. This ensures that the High Courts appellate jurisdiction is confined to legal principles and not factual adjudication.
(B) The core legal principles are: (i) A Second Appeal lies only if there is a substantial question of law; (ii) The memorandum of appeal must precisely state the question or questions; (iii) The High Court must formulate the question if not already framed; (iv) The appeal must be decided on the formulated question; (v) The Court may, in reasons recorded, entertain other substantial questions of law not framed; (vi) Reversal of a lower appellate court without addressing a substantial question of law is unsustainable.
Facts of the case:
The original plaintiff filed a suit for declaration of title over suit land against the defendant, Smt. Ram Sakhi Devi. The trial decree was passed in favor of the plaintiff, but the First Appellate Court reversed it. The respondents, as legal heirs of the plaintiff, filed a second appeal before the High Court. The High Court restored the trial decree without framing or deciding any substantial question of law.
Findings of Court:
The High Court failed to formulate any substantial question of law under Section 100(4) and did not base its decision on any such question framed at the time of admitting the appeal. Consequently, the impugned judgment proceeded on pure questions of fact, which is beyond its jurisdiction in a Second Appeal.
Issues:
Whether the High Court could legally restore the trial decree in a Second Appeal without formulating and deciding a substantial question of law as required under Section 100 of the Code.
Ratio Decidendi:
Section 100 of the Code limits the High Courts jurisdiction in Second Appeal to cases involving substantial questions of law. Any decision on facts or reversal of an appellate decree without framing and deciding such a question is invalid. The appeal must be decided strictly on the basis of the question formulated.
Result:
The impugned judgment is set aside and the matter is remitted to the High Court for disposal in accordance with law. The appeal is allowed in principle, but no order as to costs is made.
SecondAppeal - Cited for the proposition that under Section 100 CPC after the 1976 Amendment, it is essential for the High Court to formulate a substantial question of law and it is not permissible to reverse the judgment of the first appellate court without doing so.
SecondAppeal - Reiterated that the jurisdiction of the High Court in a second appeal is confined to substantial questions of law and it cannot interfere with pure questions of fact.
SecondAppeal - Referred to as one of several cases supporting the principle that a second appeal must be based on a substantial question of law.
SecondAppeal - Referred to as one of several cases supporting the principle that a second appeal must be based on a substantial question of law.
SecondAppeal - Referred to as one of several cases supporting the principle that a second appeal must be based on a substantial question of law.
SecondAppeal - Referred to as one of several cases supporting the principle that a second appeal must be based on a substantial question of law.
SecondAppeal - Referred to as one of several cases supporting the principle that a second appeal must be based on a substantial question of law.
SecondAppeal - Reiterated the position that the High Court must formulate a substantial question of law under Section 100 CPC.
SecondAppeal - Referred to as one of several cases supporting the principle that a second appeal must be based on a substantial question of law.
SecondAppeal - Referred to as one of several cases supporting the principle that a second appeal must be based on a substantial question of law.
Judgment
Arijit Pasayat, J.—Leave granted.
2. Appellant calls in question legality of the judgment rendered by a learned Single Judge of the Patna High Court in Second Appeal in terms of Section 100 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (in short the ‘Code’). The respondents are the legal heirs of the original plaintiff-Ishraj Narayan Singh. The original plaintiff filed a suit seeking declaration of his title over the suit land and declaration of want of title of Smt. Ram Sakhi Devi, the appellant herein, the defendant No. 3 in the suit. The trial court had decreed the suit but in appeal the First Appellate Court reversed it. The respondents filed the second appeal before the Patna High Court. By the impugned judgment the High Court restored the judgment and decree of the trial court and set aside the judgment and decree of the First Appellate Court.
3. Though many points were urged in support of the appeal, the pivotal plea was that the High Court could not have interfered with the judgment and decree of the First Appellate Court without framing a substantial question of law as enjoined by Section 100 of the Code. The High Court can only exercise its jurisdiction under Section 100 of the Code in Second Appeal on the basis of substantial question of law framed at the time of admitting appeal. A Second Appeal can be heard and decided only on the basis of substantial question of law, if any. The judgment rendered by the High Court in Second appeal without following the aforesaid procedure is not sustainable in law.
4. Learned counsel for the respondents on the other hand submitted that the question of law is self evident and on a technical plea that a question of law has not been framed, the well reasoned judgment should not be set aside.
5. As mandated by sub-section (3) of Section 100 of the Code, the memorandum of appeal shall precisely state substantial question or questions of law involved in the appeal. Where the High Court is satisfied that in any case any substantial question of law is involved it shall formulate that question under sub-section (4) and the second appeal has to be heard on the question so formulated as stated in sub-section (5) of Section 100.
6. Section 100 of the Code deals with “Second Appeal”. The provision reads as follows :
“Section 100 – (1) Save as otherwise expressly provided in the body of this Code or by any other law for the time being in force, an appeal shall lie to the High Court from every decree passed in appeal by any Court subordinate to the High Court, if the High Court is satisfied that the case involves a substantial question of law.
(2) An appeal may lie under this section from an appellate decree passed ex parte.
(3) In an appeal under this Section, the memorandum of appeal shall precisely state the substantial question of law involved in the appeal.
(4) Where the High Court is satisfied that a substantial question of law is involved in any case, it shall formulate that question.
(5) The appeal shall be heard on the question so formulated and the respondent shall, at the hearing of the appeal, be allowed to argue that the case does not involve such question :
Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall be deemed to take away or abridge the power of the Court to hear, for reasons to be recorded, the appeal on any other substantial question of law, not formulated by it, if it is satisfied that the case involves such question.”
7. A perusal of the impugned judgment passed by the High Court does not show that any substantial question of law has been formulated or that the second appeal was heard on the question, if any, so formulated. That being so, the judgment cannot be maintained.
8. In Ishwar Dass Jain v. Sohan Lal (2000(1) SCC 434) this Court in para 10, has stated thus :
“10. Now under Section 100 CPC, after the 1976 Amendment, it is essential for the High Court to formulate a substantial question of law and it is not permissible to reverse the judgment of the first appellate Court without doing so.”
9. Yet again in Roop Singh (Dead) Through LRs. v. Ram Singh (Dead) Through LRs (2000(3) SCC 708), this Court has expressed that the jurisdiction of a High Court is confined to appeals involving substantial question of law. Para 7 of the said judgment reads:
“7. It is to be reiterated that under section 100 CPC jurisdiction of the High Court to entertain a second appeal is confined only to such appeals which involve a substantial question of law and it does not confer any jurisdiction on the High Court to interfere with pure questions of fact while exercising its jurisdiction under section 100 CPC. That apart, at the time of disposing of the matter the High Court did not even notice the question of law formulated by it at the time of admission of the second appeal as there is no reference of it in the impugned judgment. Further, the fact findings courts after appreciating the evidence held that the defendant entered into the possession of the premises as a batai, that is to say, as a tenant and his possession was permissive and there was no pleading or proof as to when it became adverse and hostile. These findings recorded by the two courts below were based on proper appreciation of evidence and the material on record and there was no perversity, illegality or irregularity in those findings. If the defendant got the possession of suit land as a lessee or under a batai agreement then from the permissive possession it is for him to establish by cogent and convincing evidence to show hostile animus and possession adverse to the knowledge of the real owner. Mere possession for a long time does not result in converting permissive possession into adverse possession (Thakur Kishan Singh v. Arvind Kumar (1994 (6) SCC 591). Hence the High Court ought not to have interfered with the findings of fact recorded by both the courts below.”
10. The position has been reiterated in Kanhaiyalal and Ors. v. Anupkumar and Ors. (JT 2002(10) SC 98).
11. Reference may also be made to R. Lakshmi Narayan v. Santhi (2001(4) SCC 688), M.S.V. Raja and Anr. v. Seeni Thevar and Ors. (2001(6) SCC 652), R.V.E. Venkatachala Gounder v. Arulmigu Viswesaraswami and V.P. Temple and Anr. (2003(8) SCC 752), Md. Mohammad Ali (dead) by Lrs. v. Jagadish Kalita and Ors. (2004(1) SCC 271) and Chadat Singh v. Bahadur Ram and Ors. (JT 2004(6) SC 296), Kishori Lal and Anr. v. Madan Gopal (d) by Lrs. & Ors. (JT 2004(8) SC 422) and Mathakala Krishnaiah v. V. Rajagopal (2004(10) SCC 676).
12. In the circumstances, the impugned judgment is set aside. We remit the matter to the High Court for disposal in accordance with law. The appeal is disposed of in the aforesaid terms with no order as to costs.
Appeal allowed.