2005 JTR(SC) 1044
2005 33 AIC 82 ; 2005 AIR(SC) 3796 ; 2005 AIR(SCW) 3819 ; 2006 1 AllMR(SC) 73 ; 2006 1 CalLJ(SC) 190 ; 2005 68 CLA 1 ; 2005 127 CompCas 244 ; 2005 5 CompLJ 385 ; 2005 3 CPJ(SC) 45 ; 2005 4 JCR(SC) 115 ; 2005 7 JT 384 ; 2005 3 RCR(Civ) 725 ; 2005 6 Scale 467 ; 2005 6 SCC 610 ; 2005 6 SCJ 105 ; 2005 62 SCL 581 ; 2005 SCR 597 ; 2005 2 WLC 407 ; 2005 KHC 1294 ; 2005 5 Supreme 627
2005(5) Supreme 627
Supreme Court of India
(From Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission, New Delhi)
Ashok Bhan & S.B. Sinha, JJ.
M/s. Premier Engineers —Appellant
versus
M/s. Taj Rubber Industries & Anr. —Respondents
Civil Appeal No. 3640 of 1998
Decided on 12-8-2005
Counsel for the Parties :
For the Appellant : Sanjay Parikh, A.N. Singh and A.K. Mishra, Advocates.
For the Respondent No. 1 : Irshad Ahmad, Advocate.
For the Respondent No. 2 : Ashok Bhan, Ms. Sunita Sharma, D.S. Mahra, P. Parmeswaran, Advocates.
Important point
Causation of loss or injury is a sine-qua non for invoking the principles of Section 36-A of MRTP Act.
Act Referred :MONOPOLIES AND RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT : S.36(a), S.12(b), S.36(a)(1)
(A) The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1960, as amended, provides the statutory framework governing unfair trade practices and compensation claims. Sections 36(a) and 12(b) read with Section 36(a)(1) apply, where Section 36(a) addresses unfair trade practices and Section 12(b) enables compensation for consumers affected by such practices. The operative provisions require that a trade practice must be shown to cause loss or injury to consumers, and the compensation procedure under Section 12-B mandates proof of such causation as a sine qua non for relief. The interplay of these sections determines the availability of remedy in disputes involving delayed and defective supply of goods.
(B) An unfair trade practice under Section 36-A requires: (i) a trade practice within the statutory definition, (ii) use for promoting sale or supply of goods or provision of services, (iii) falling within enumerated clauses, (iv) causation of loss or injury to consumers, and (v) a statement made orally, in writing, or by visible representation. Causation of loss or injury is an essential ingredient, and the principle of res judicata may bar re-litigation of matters already decided. A complaint under Section 12-B must disclose specific facts to attract the provisions of Section 36-A.
Facts of the case:
A respondent firm placed an order for a rubber mixing machine in 1980, which the appellant agreed to supply with certain input components to be provided by the respondent. The machine was substantially delayed, supplied around 1990, and allegedly fitted with old or second-hand parts, rendering it defective and non-functional. The respondent made payments aggregating a specified sum and later sought compensation for the delay and defects under Section 12-B of the MRTP Act.
Findings of Court:
The MRTP Commission found that the delay was abnormal and unconscionable, the machine was defective and contained old parts, and awarded compensation with interest. However, the Supreme Court held that the Commission failed to make a finding on the crucial issue of actual loss or injury caused to the respondent. The application was deemed cryptic and insufficient to allege or prove loss or injury, which is mandatory to invoke Section 36-A.
Issues:
Whether the compensation application under Section 12-B was maintainable given the pre-amendment conduct; whether the cause of action arose from a contract of adhesion rather than a trade practice; whether the allegations disclosed an unfair trade practice causing loss or injury; whether the matter was barred by res judicata; and whether the Commission erred in not finding loss or injury.
Ratio Decidendi:
A complaint under Section 12-B under the MRTP Act must establish an unfair trade practice within Section 36-A, which necessitates proof of loss or injury to consumers. Without such proof, the application fails, and the Commission must record a finding on this essential ingredient before awarding compensation.
Result:
The appeal is allowed. The impugned order is set aside, and no costs are awarded.
(A) The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1960, as amended, provides the statutory framework governing unfair trade practices and compensation claims. Sections 36(a) and 12(b) read with Section 36(a)(1) apply, where Section 36(a) addresses unfair trade practices and Section 12(b) enables compensation for consumers affected by such practices. The operative provisions require that a trade practice must be shown to cause loss or injury to consumers, and the compensation procedure under Section 12-B mandates proof of such causation as a sine qua non for relief. The interplay of these sections determines the availability of remedy in disputes involving delayed and defective supply of goods.
(B) An unfair trade practice under Section 36-A requires: (i) a trade practice within the statutory definition, (ii) use for promoting sale or supply of goods or provision of services, (iii) falling within enumerated clauses, (iv) causation of loss or injury to consumers, and (v) a statement made orally, in writing, or by visible representation. Causation of loss or injury is an essential ingredient, and the principle of res judicata may bar re-litigation of matters already decided. A complaint under Section 12-B must disclose specific facts to attract the provisions of Section 36-A.
Facts of the case:
A respondent firm placed an order for a rubber mixing machine in 1980, which the appellant agreed to supply with certain input components to be provided by the respondent. The machine was substantially delayed, supplied around 1990, and allegedly fitted with old or second-hand parts, rendering it defective and non-functional. The respondent made payments aggregating a specified sum and later sought compensation for the delay and defects under Section 12-B of the MRTP Act.
Findings of Court:
The MRTP Commission found that the delay was abnormal and unconscionable, the machine was defective and contained old parts, and awarded compensation with interest. However, the Supreme Court held that the Commission failed to make a finding on the crucial issue of actual loss or injury caused to the respondent. The application was deemed cryptic and insufficient to allege or prove loss or injury, which is mandatory to invoke Section 36-A.
Issues:
Whether the compensation application under Section 12-B was maintainable given the pre-amendment conduct; whether the cause of action arose from a contract of adhesion rather than a trade practice; whether the allegations disclosed an unfair trade practice causing loss or injury; whether the matter was barred by res judicata; and whether the Commission erred in not finding loss or injury.
Ratio Decidendi:
A complaint under Section 12-B under the MRTP Act must establish an unfair trade practice within Section 36-A, which necessitates proof of loss or injury to consumers. Without such proof, the application fails, and the Commission must record a finding on this essential ingredient before awarding compensation.
Result:
The appeal is allowed. The impugned order is set aside, and no costs are awarded.
Judgment
Bhan, J.—This appeal by grant of leave is directed against the order dated 16.5.1997 passed by the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission [for short “the MRTP Commission”] in Compensation Application No. 53 of 1993 wherein it has allowed the application for compensation under Section 12-B of the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1960 [for short “the MRTP Act”] filed by the Respondent No. 1 and has directed the appellant to refund to the first respondent a sum of Rs. 1,04,164/- with interest @ 18% per annum plus compensation of Rs.5,000/-.
2. Shortly stated the facts are :
M/s N.A. Rubber Industries through its partner Shri Nasiruddin, a partner of the applicant firm - respondent as well, placed an order in December, 1980 for the supply of one rubber mixing machine of size 14" x 36". Appellant agreed to supply the said machine to the respondent by its letter dated 10.12.1980. In terms of acceptance, the appellant was to supply the said machine for Rs. 55,000/- ex-factory price by May 1981 and the respondent was to supply certain input components like electric motor, reduction gear box and fluid coupling to be fitted to the machine by the appellant as these input components were not manufactured by the appellant. Respondent paid a sum of Rs. 2,000/- for which a receipt was given by the appellant. Later on a sum of Rs. 5,000/- was also paid by the respondent on 16.3.1981. N.A. Rubber Industries was closed and thereafter respondent firm M/s. Taj Rubber Industries was started in its place. On 21.2.1985 the appellant informed the respondent that the machine would be ready and supplied within a week. The respondent thereafter paid Rs. 50,000/- in May 1985 and approached the appellant for taking delivery of the machine. Due to certain reasons which were accepted by both the parties the machine could not be supplied till May 1990. Ultimately, the machine was supplied in the month of October, 1990. According to the respondent the aggregate amount of Rs. 80,184/- was paid by it to the appellant. It was alleged that the respondent had paid Rs. 23,980/- for procuring and supplying the electric motor, fluid coupling, reduction gear box etc..
3. Respondent filed an application under Section 12-B of the MRTP Act against the appellant alleging therein that the machine supplied after a considerable delay and it was defective, non-working and old/second hand machine. It was fitted with old and second hand parts and it has failed to fit the “oil system” and thereby appellant has indulged in unfair trade practice under Section 36A(1) of the MRTP Act.
4. Appellant in its detailed reply apart from replying on merits took five preliminary objections:
1. That since the order was placed on the appellant in the year 1980 i.e. before the amendment of MRTP Act relating to unfair trade practice (Section 36-A) and compensation (Section 12-B) which were inserted with effect from 1st August, 1984, the action was not maintainable as these amendments do not have retrospective operation and, therefore, the compensation application was not maintainable.
2. The order of machine in question was not placed by the applicant but by the N.A. Rubber Industries. There being no privity of contract between the applicant and the appellant firm, the compensation application was not maintainable.
3. There is “not even a single averment disclosing any unfair trade practice.”
4. The controversy must be adjudicated upon by a civil court, as it relates to enforcement or breach of contract between the parties.
5. An earlier application of the applicant had been closed by the Commissioner and thus the present application was barred by the principle of res judicata.
5. On merits, the allegations made against the appellant were controverted and the appellant denied its liability to compensate the respondent.
6. The MRTP Commission overruled the preliminary objections raised by the appellant and came to the conclusion that the appellant had indulged in unfair trade practices as there was abnormal and unconscionable delay in supplying the machine by almost ten years and that the machine did not work even for a single day and was suffering from various defects. Allegations made that old second hand parts had been fitted in the machine were also accepted. Based on these findings the MRTP Commission directed the appellant to refund a sum of Rs. 1,04,164/- to the respondent with interest at the rate of Rs. 18% per annum w.e.f. 16.10.1990 upto the date of its payment. Rs. 5,000/- was awarded by way of compensation for mental agony and harassment suffered by the partner of the respondent firm.
7. Aggrieved against the order of MRTP Commission the present appeal has been filed.
8. Counsels for the parties have been heard at length.
9. Counsel appearing for the appellant reiterated the submissions made on behalf of the appellant that the order of the MRTP Commission deserve to be set aside and the application filed by the respondent under Section 12-B dismissed. Without going into the preliminary objections which have been raised, this appeal deserves to be allowed on another point as in Colgate Palmolive (India) Ltd. Vs. MRTP Commission & Ors., 2003(1) SCC 129, in which one of us [Justice Sinha] was a member, analysed the Section 36-A of the MRTP Act and observed that a bare perusal of Section 36-A would clearly indicate that the following five ingredients are necessary to constitute an unfair trade practice.
1. There must be a trade practice [within a meaning of Section 2(u) of the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act].
2. The trade practice must be employed for the purpose of promoting the sale, use or supply of any goods or the provisions of any services.
3. The trade practice should fall within the ambit of one or more of the categories enumerated in clauses (1) to (5) of Section 36-A.
4. The trade practice should cause loss or injury to the consumers of goods or services.
5. The trade practice under clause (1) should involve making a ‘statement’ whether orally or in writing or by visible representation.”
10. After having observed so the Court set aside the order of the MRTP Commission in which the Commission had held that actual loss and injury are not the essential ingredients of the unfair trade practice. It was observed that causation of loss or injury thus is a sine qua non for invoking the principles of Section 36-A of the MRTP Act.
11. In Hindustan Ciba Geigy Vs. Union of India & Ors., 2003(1) SCC 134, again Sinha, J. sitting in a combination of three-Judge Bench held that causation of loss or injury to the consumer was a must for attracting the provisions of Section 36-A of the MRTP Act. The order passed by the Commission was set aside wherein the Commission had taken the contrary view. It was observed:
“7. A bare perusal of the aforementioned provision would clearly go to show that an unfair trade practice would mean a trade practice which for the purpose of promoting the sale, use or supply of any goods or for the provision of any services, adopts one or more the practices specified therein adopted and as a result thereof loss of injury has been caused to the consumers of such goods or services, either by eliminating or restricting competition or otherwise. It would furthermore clearly go to show that the two conditions precedent mentioned therein are required to be read conjunctively and not disjunctively.”
After having said so this Court observed that the Commission had committed a manifest error in holding that the actual loss or injury need not be caused to the consumers.
12. In the present case, we find that in the application filed by the applicant/respondent apart from saying that the defective machinery fitted with old/second hand parts had been supplied after considerable delay the respondent did not say a word regarding the actual loss and injury or a notional loss caused to the respondent. There is nothing on the record to suggest that any actual loss or injury was caused to the respondent. The application filed by the applicant/respondent was not only cryptic but lacked in particulars to fall-within the definition of unfair trade practice as defined in Section 36-A read with Section 2(u) of the MRTP Act. The MRTP Commission in its order has not adverted to this fact and has not recorded a finding as to the any actual loss or injury caused to the respondent.
13. Since the respondent in the present case failed to aver as well as prove that actually any loss or injury was caused to it which was the sine qua non for invoking the provisions of Section 36-A, this appeal is accepted. The MRTP Commission has also not recorded any finding as to whether any actual loss or injury or a notional loss was caused to the respondent. Accordingly, impugned order is set aside and the appeal is allowed. There shall be no order as to costs.
Appeal allowed.
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