2000 JTR(SC) 428
2001 43 AllCriC 170 ; 2000 4 SCC 465 ; 2000 SCC(Cri) 829 ; 2000 KHC 1150
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
K.T.Thomas : Y.K.Sabharwal
Koluttumottil Razak
Versus
State Of Kerala
Case No. : 1016 of 1999
Date of Decision : 2/24/00
Convictions under the NDPS Act cannot be sustained when there is non-compliance with mandatory procedural requirements of Sections 42 (recording and reporting information) and 50 (presence of a Gazetted Officer or Magistrate), especially when such failures are not compensated for by independent corroborating evidence.
Act
Referred
:NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES ACT
: S.50, S.42, S.21
(A) Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 - Sections 42 and 50 - Compliance with procedural safeguards during search and seizure - It is a mandate of Section 42 that an officer must take information down in writing and forthwith send a copy to the immediate official superior; non-compliance renders the resultant search and seizure suspect, requiring independent corroboration (Paras 6 and 7) - Section 50 provides a right to be searched in the presence of a Gazetted Officer or Magistrate, which cannot be sidelined as a mere formality; the claim that an accused waived this right cannot be accepted based on the sole statement of the police officer without independent evidence or records (Paras 8 and 9).
(B) Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 - Section 31 - Enhanced sentence for repeat offenders - Where an enhanced sentence is imposed due to prior convictions, greater circumspection is required in scrutinizing the evidence (Para 10).
Facts of the case:
The appellant was convicted under Section 21 of the Act for possession of brown sugar. Due to a prior conviction under the same section, an enhanced sentence under Section 31 was invoked, resulting in a sentence of rigorous imprisonment for 15 years and a fine, with additional imprisonment in default of payment. The conviction and sentence were confirmed by the High Court.
Findings of Court:
The court identified two glaring infirmities in the prosecution's case: first, the failure of the investigating officer to record the information in writing or inform superior officers as required by Section 42; and second, the failure to ensure the presence of a Gazetted Officer or Magistrate during the search as required by Section 50.
Issues: Whether the conviction and sentence could be sustained in light of the non-compliance with the mandatory procedural requirements of Section 42 and Section 50 of the Act.
Ratio Decidendi: The court ruled that the procedural requirements of Section 42(1) and (2) and Section 50 are mandatory safeguards. Non-compliance with Section 42 makes the search suspect, which in the absence of independent corroborating evidence, cannot sustain a conviction. Similarly, the right under Section 50 is fundamental; an oral assertion by the police that the accused waived this right, without supporting record or independent witnesses, is insufficient to validate the search.
Result: Appeal allowed and conviction and sentence set aside.
(B) Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 - Section 31 - Enhanced sentence for repeat offenders - Where an enhanced sentence is imposed due to prior convictions, greater circumspection is required in scrutinizing the evidence (Para 10).
Facts of the case:
The appellant was convicted under Section 21 of the Act for possession of brown sugar. Due to a prior conviction under the same section, an enhanced sentence under Section 31 was invoked, resulting in a sentence of rigorous imprisonment for 15 years and a fine, with additional imprisonment in default of payment. The conviction and sentence were confirmed by the High Court.
Findings of Court:
The court identified two glaring infirmities in the prosecution's case: first, the failure of the investigating officer to record the information in writing or inform superior officers as required by Section 42; and second, the failure to ensure the presence of a Gazetted Officer or Magistrate during the search as required by Section 50.
Issues: Whether the conviction and sentence could be sustained in light of the non-compliance with the mandatory procedural requirements of Section 42 and Section 50 of the Act.
Ratio Decidendi: The court ruled that the procedural requirements of Section 42(1) and (2) and Section 50 are mandatory safeguards. Non-compliance with Section 42 makes the search suspect, which in the absence of independent corroborating evidence, cannot sustain a conviction. Similarly, the right under Section 50 is fundamental; an oral assertion by the police that the accused waived this right, without supporting record or independent witnesses, is insufficient to validate the search.
Result: Appeal allowed and conviction and sentence set aside.
NonCompliance - Cited for the proposition that non-compliance with Section 42(1) and (2) of the NDPS Act renders the resultant search and seizure suspect.
Referred - A placeholder entry in the referred case list; likely a data artifact and not a specific case law.
Section50 - Referenced to highlight the importance of the right under Section 50 of the NDPS Act and the implications of its non-compliance.
Search - Held that non-compliance with the requirements of Section 42(1) and (2) would render the resultant search and seizure suspect.
(1) A request was made on behalf of the appellant to adjourn this matter as the advocates have called for a strike today. But when we considered the stark reality that this appellant has been languishing in jail for a very long time we felt it our duty to look into the matter by ourselves and if there is no scope for interference with the conviction and sentence there would be necessity to hear an advocate appointed as amicus curiae to argue for the appellant. Having gone into the matter we found that the conviction and sentence imposed can be interfered with and, therefore, we feel further delay in disposing of the matter would be a violation of Article 21 of the Constitution. Hence, we proceed to dispose of this matter.
(2) THE appellant was convicted under Section 21 of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (hereinafter referred to as "the Act") for possession of five small plastic packets of brown sugar. While passing the sentence on him the trial court took into consideration an added factor that the appellant was already convicted under the same section in a different case and, therefore, he was asked to show cause why the enhanced sentence as contemplated under Section 31 of the Act should not be awarded to him. After hearing him the trial court imposed a sentence of rigorous imprisonment for 15 years and a fine of Rs 1,50,000 (in default of payment of fine he was directed to undergo simple imprisonment for a further period of 3 years). Thus, in all if he fails to pay the fine amount of Rs 1,50,000, he has to undergo imprisonment for a total period of 18 years. When he filed an appeal a learned Single Judge of the High Court of Kerala has confirmed the conviction and sentence and dismissed his appeal.
(3) WE appointed Mr K.K. Mehrotra, Advocate as amicus curiae but when the matter came up for hearing on 14-9-1999 the said amicus curiae did not turn up and hence we removed him and in his place appointed Mrs Sheil a Sethi, Advocate as amicus curiae. When the matter came up for arguments today, the amicus curiae appointed on the second occasion is also absent. Nobody appears for the State of Kerala. Considering the fact that this appellant has been languishing in jail for a long time, we considered it necessary to dispose of this appeal.
(4) THERE are two glaring infirmities. One is non-compliance with b Section 50 of the Act and the other is non-compliance with Section 42 of the Act.
(5) PUBLIC witness 1 was the Sub-Inspector of Police, who said that he got reliable information on the evening of 31-3-1991 that one man was selling brown sugar near the Sarada Mandiram Bus-stop. But Public witness I admitted in his crossexamination that he did not reduce the information into writing nor did he inform his superior officers about it and instead he opted to proceed to the place without doing the aforesaid duty.
(6) IT is a mandate of Section 42 of the Act that when an officer referred to in sub-section (1) thereof "has reason to believe from personal knowledge or information given by any person and taken down in writing" (emphasis supplied) that any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance is kept or concealed he may detain and search, and, if he thinks proper, arrest any person whom he has reason to believe to have committed any offence under the Act. The other requirement of law is that the officer who takes down the information in writing or records grounds for his belief shall forthwith send a copy thereof to his immediate official superior. A three-Judge Bench of this Court held in Abdul Rashid lbrahim Mansuri v. State of Gujarat that non-compliance with the requirements of Section 42(1) and (2) would render the resultant search and seizure suspect, though that by itself may not vitiate the proceedings.
(7) IN the present case, unfortunately, apart from the evidence of the police officers there is absolutely no independent evidence to ensure , confidence in our mind that the search was in fact conducted by Public witness I as he has claimed. As his evidence is required to be approached with suspicion due to violation of Section 42 of the Act we may require corroboration from independent sources that is lacking in this case.
(8) THE second infirmity is that Public witness I admitted that before the search was conducted no officer or Magistrate as envisaged in Section 50 of the Act was called. The excuse put forward by Public witness I for not resorting to such action was that the appellant himself told that he did not require the presence of any such officer. For that matter also we have only the ipse dixit of the police officer. None of the independent witnesses stated the said version. Public witness I in his cross-examination said that he arrested the appellant at 5.20 p.m. and the body of the appellant was searched only after that. When law requires that the appellant must be afforded with an opportunity to have the presence of a gazetted officer or a Magistrate the appellant has a right to be taken to the nearest gazetted officer or Magistrate for the purpose of conducting search in his presence. The said right cannot be sidelined as a mere formality. A Constitution Bench of this Court has highlighted the importance of such a right, the implication of non-compliance with the same and other allied matters connected with Section 50 of the Act vide State of Punjab v. Baldev Single.
(9) IN the fact-situation of the case, particularly in the absence of any corresponding entry in any of the police records it is difficult for us to believe the mere oral vibration made by Public witness 1 that he asked the appellant whether he should require the search to be conducted in the presence of any one of the above officers and that the appellant politely declined the offer.
(10) WE are of the considered view that in the light of his non-compliance with, the provisions of Section 42(1) and (2) of the Act besides noncompliance with the requirement in Section 50 of the Act it is difficult to sustain the conviction and sentence of the appellant. The graver the consequences the greater must be the circumspection to be adopted. We take into account that the appellant otherwise will have to be subjected to a longer period of sentence as Section 31 of the Act was also invoked in the present situation for adopting such greater circumspection for scrutinising the evidence.
(11) IN the result, we allow this appeal and set aside the conviction and sentence passed on the appellant as per the impugned judgment. We direct the appellant to be set at liberty forthwith unless he is required in any other case.