1998 JTR(SC) 739
1998 AIR(SC) 2676 ; 1998 AIR(SCW) 2717 ; 1998 2 ALD(Cri)(SC) 322 ; 1998 4 AllMR(SC) 389 ; 1999 1 BBCJ(SC) 90 ; 1998 2 CLR 518 ; 1998 94 CompCas 75 ; 1998 3 Crimes(SC) 102 ; 1998 CrLJ 4027 ; 1998 2 EastCrC(SC) 957 ; 1998 93 FJR 435 ; 1998 80 FLR 199 ; 1998 5 JT 233 ; 1998 2 KLT(SN) 34 ; 1998 2 LLJ 794 ; 1998 3 LLN 920 ; 1999 1 MhLJ(SC) 443 ; 1999 1 MPLJ 155 ; 1998 3 RCR(Cri) 642 ; 1999 1 RCR(Cri) 211 ; 1998 4 Scale 328 ; 1998 6 SCC 288 ; 1998 SCC(L&S) 1480 ; 1999 1 SCT 182 ; 1998 5 SLR 679 ; 1998 KHC 1089 ; 1998 6 Supreme 197
1998(6) Supreme 197
Supreme Court of India
(From Calcutta High Court)
M.M. Punchhi CJI & Sujata V. Manohar, J.
Employees State Insurance Corpn. - Appellant
versus
S.K. Aggarwal & Ors. -Respondents
Criminal Appeal No. 222 of 1990
Decided on 31-7-1998
Counsel for the Parties :
For the Appellant : N.N. Goswamy, Sr. Advocate, Y.P. Mahajan and Ms. Sushma Suri, Advocates.
For the Respondents : Ms. Manjeet Chawla, Advocate.
Important Points
1. In the absence of any expression provision in IPC incorporating the definition of ‘principal employer’ in explanation 2 to Section 405 this definition cannot be held to apply to the term ‘employer in explanation 2.
2. Directors of Company would not be covered by the definition of ‘principal employer’ when company itself owns the factory and is also employer of its employees and as such directors cannot be prosecuted for criminal breach of trust under Section 405/406 IPC.
Act
Referred
:EMPLOYEES STATE INSURANCE CORPORATION ACT : S.40(2), S.40
FACTORIES ACT : S.2(n)
INDIAN PENAL CODE : S.405, S.406
(A) The Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 read with Section 40 mandates that the principal employer defined under Section 2(17) as the owner or occupier of a factory is liable to pay both the employers and employees contributions to the Employees State Insurance Fund. Explanation 2 to Section 405 of the Indian Penal Code, inserted by the Employees State Insurance Amendment Act, 1975, deems a person entrusted with deducted contributions to be the employer for the purposes of criminal breach of trust, and makes a default in payment a dishonest use of property in violation of legal duty. The Factories Act, 1948 defines occupier as the person with ultimate control over factory affairs, and provides that where a company is the occupier, its directors may be prosecuted. However, Section 2(17) of the Employees State Insurance Act treats owner and occupier disjunctively, and identifies the principal employer as the owner or occupier of the factory, not its managerial agents. The Companies Act contemplates that a company, as a separate legal entity, can be an employer, and the directors are not the principal employer merely by virtue of their directorship.
(B) The core legal principles are: (i) the statutory definition of principal employer under the Employees State Insurance Act is exhaustive and governs liability under both the Act and the penal provisions; (ii) Explanation 2 to Section 405 IPC incorporates the concept of employer as used in the Employees State Insurance Act; (iii) a company owning and controlling a factory is the principal employer, and its directors are not personally liable as employers; (iv) the term employer in the IPC explanation must be interpreted in light of the parent statute; and (v) directors of a company are not deemed to be the employer within Explanation 2 unless they are shown to be in a distinct employer capacity.
Facts of the case:
The accused companies, through their head office at Calcutta, deducted employees contributions towards the Employees State Insurance Fund from wages for the period February 1981 to September 1981, aggregating Rs. 2,223.50, but failed to deposit the amount in the Fund within the prescribed time. The respondents were directors of the company. The appellant, the principal employer, filed a complaint for criminal breach of trust under Section 405 Explanation 2 read with Section 406 of the Indian Penal Code. The High Court quashed the proceedings holding that the directors could not be treated as employers within Explanation 2.
Findings of Court:
The High Court correctly held that the directors of a company are not employers within Explanation 2 to Section 405 IPC when the company itself is the owner and occupier of the factory and the principal employer under the Employees State Insurance Act. The directors, being neither the owner nor the occupier of the factory, do not fall within the definition of principal employer in Section 2(17) of the Employees State Insurance Act. Even if the definition of principal employer in the Employees State Insurance Act is read into Explanation 2 to Section 405 IPC, the directors are not covered, as the company is the statutory employer. In the absence of any express incorporation of the statutory definition in the IPC, the term employer in the explanation must be understood in its ordinary sense, which attributes the role of employer to the company and not to its directors.
Issues:
Whether directors of a company can be held personally liable as employers under Explanation 2 to Section 405 of the Indian Penal Code for the default of the company in depositing employees contributions deducted at source under the Employees State Insurance Act, when the company itself is the owner and occupier of the factory.
Ratio Decidendi:
Explanation 2 to Section 405 IPC makes a person who is an employer and who deducts employees contributions liable for criminal breach of trust on default. The term employer in this explanation must be interpreted in light of the Employees State Insurance Act, where principal employer is defined as the owner or occupier of the factory. Since the directors are neither the owner nor the occupier, they are not the employer for the purposes of this explanation, and their prosecution is unsustainable.
Result:
Appeal dismissed.
(A) The Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 read with Section 40 mandates that the principal employer defined under Section 2(17) as the owner or occupier of a factory is liable to pay both the employers and employees contributions to the Employees State Insurance Fund. Explanation 2 to Section 405 of the Indian Penal Code, inserted by the Employees State Insurance Amendment Act, 1975, deems a person entrusted with deducted contributions to be the employer for the purposes of criminal breach of trust, and makes a default in payment a dishonest use of property in violation of legal duty. The Factories Act, 1948 defines occupier as the person with ultimate control over factory affairs, and provides that where a company is the occupier, its directors may be prosecuted. However, Section 2(17) of the Employees State Insurance Act treats owner and occupier disjunctively, and identifies the principal employer as the owner or occupier of the factory, not its managerial agents. The Companies Act contemplates that a company, as a separate legal entity, can be an employer, and the directors are not the principal employer merely by virtue of their directorship.
(B) The core legal principles are: (i) the statutory definition of principal employer under the Employees State Insurance Act is exhaustive and governs liability under both the Act and the penal provisions; (ii) Explanation 2 to Section 405 IPC incorporates the concept of employer as used in the Employees State Insurance Act; (iii) a company owning and controlling a factory is the principal employer, and its directors are not personally liable as employers; (iv) the term employer in the IPC explanation must be interpreted in light of the parent statute; and (v) directors of a company are not deemed to be the employer within Explanation 2 unless they are shown to be in a distinct employer capacity.
Facts of the case:
The accused companies, through their head office at Calcutta, deducted employees contributions towards the Employees State Insurance Fund from wages for the period February 1981 to September 1981, aggregating Rs. 2,223.50, but failed to deposit the amount in the Fund within the prescribed time. The respondents were directors of the company. The appellant, the principal employer, filed a complaint for criminal breach of trust under Section 405 Explanation 2 read with Section 406 of the Indian Penal Code. The High Court quashed the proceedings holding that the directors could not be treated as employers within Explanation 2.
Findings of Court:
The High Court correctly held that the directors of a company are not employers within Explanation 2 to Section 405 IPC when the company itself is the owner and occupier of the factory and the principal employer under the Employees State Insurance Act. The directors, being neither the owner nor the occupier of the factory, do not fall within the definition of principal employer in Section 2(17) of the Employees State Insurance Act. Even if the definition of principal employer in the Employees State Insurance Act is read into Explanation 2 to Section 405 IPC, the directors are not covered, as the company is the statutory employer. In the absence of any express incorporation of the statutory definition in the IPC, the term employer in the explanation must be understood in its ordinary sense, which attributes the role of employer to the company and not to its directors.
Issues:
Whether directors of a company can be held personally liable as employers under Explanation 2 to Section 405 of the Indian Penal Code for the default of the company in depositing employees contributions deducted at source under the Employees State Insurance Act, when the company itself is the owner and occupier of the factory.
Ratio Decidendi:
Explanation 2 to Section 405 IPC makes a person who is an employer and who deducts employees contributions liable for criminal breach of trust on default. The term employer in this explanation must be interpreted in light of the Employees State Insurance Act, where principal employer is defined as the owner or occupier of the factory. Since the directors are neither the owner nor the occupier, they are not the employer for the purposes of this explanation, and their prosecution is unsustainable.
Result:
Appeal dismissed.
Judgment
Mrs. Sujata V. Manohar, J.-The respondents were, at the material time, directors of a company M/s. Indo Japan Steel Ltd. The company has a factory and head office at Calcutta. Under the provisions of Section 40 of the Employees State Insurance Act, 1948, the “principal employer” is required to pay, in respect of every employee, whether directly employed by him or by or through an immediate employer, both the employer’s contribution and the employee’s contribution. Under sub-section (2) of Section 40 the principal employer, in the case of an employee directly employed by him, is entitled to recover from the employee the employee’s contribution by deduction from his wages. Under sub-section (4) any sum deducted by the principal employer from wages under this Act shall be deemed to have been entrusted to him by the employee for the purpose of paying the contribution in respect of which it was deducted. The complainant who is the appellant before us inspected the head office of the company and found that the company had deducted a sum of Rs. 2,223.50 as employees share of contribution from their wages during the period February 1981 to September 1981. The employer, however, had failed to deposit the said amount in the Employees’ State Insurance Fund within the specified time.
2. Thereupon the appellant lodged a complaint against the respondents of criminal breach of trust under Section 405 Explanation 2 of the Indian Penal Code read with Section 406 of the Indian Penal Code. On the basis of this complaint the learned Magistrate took cognizance and issued summons against the respondents to stand trial. The learned Magistrate also issued a search warrant for seizure of certain records of the company as prayed for by the complainant. Aggrieved thereby, the respondents filed an application under Section 401/482 of the Criminal Procedure Code for quashing the proceedings in the said case. The High Court by its impugned judgment has quashed the proceedings on the ground that the respondents cannot be considered as ‘employers’ within the meaning of Explanation 2 to Section 405 read with Section 406 of the Indian Penal Code. Hence they were not liable for prosecution under Section 406. From this judgment the present appeal has been filed by the original complainant.
Section 405 Explanation 2 is as follows:-
“405. Criminal breach of trust.-Whoever, being in any manner entrusted with property, or with any dominion over property, dishonestly misappropriates or converts to his own use that property, or dishonestly uses or disposes of that property in violation of any direction of law prescribing the mode in which such trust is to be discharged, or of any legal contract, express or implied, which he has made touching the discharge of such trust, or wilfully suffers any other person so to do, commits “criminal breach of trust”.
Explanation 1: ............
Explanation 2: A person, being an employer, who deducts the employees’ contribution from the wages payable to the employee for credit to the Employees’ State Insurance Fund held and administered by the Employees State Insurance Act, 1948, shall be deemed to have been entrusted with the amount of the contribution so deducted by him and if he makes default in the payment of such contribution to the said Fund in violation of the said Act, shall be deemed to have dishonestly used the amount of the said contribution in violation of a direction of law as aforesaid.”
Explanation 2 was inserted by the Employees’ State Insurance Amendment Act 38 of 1975. Explanation 2 makes “a person being an employer” who deducts the employee’s contribution from the wages payable to the employee liable for criminal breach of trust if he commits a default in the payment of such contribution to the Employees’ State Insurance Fund. Under Section 11 of the Indian Penal Code the word “person” includes any company or association or body of person whether incorporated or not. The High Court has held that the term “a person being an employer” in Explanation 2 to Section 405 of the Indian Penal Code can refer only to the company who had employed the employees in question. The directors of that company could not be considered as employers under Explanation 2 to Section 405 of the Indian Penal Code. The complainant, however, contends that Explanation 2 to Section 405 of the Indian Penal Code should be read in the light of the Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948. Under Section 40 of the Employees’ State Insurance Act the obligation to pay contribution in the Employees’ State Insurance Fund has been cast on the principal employer. The relevant provisions of Section 40 are as follows :-
“40. Principal employer to pay contributions in the first instance:
(1) The principal employer shall pay in respect of every employee, whether directly employed by him, or by or through an immediate employer, both the employer’s contribution and the employee’s contribution.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other enactment but subject to the provisions of this Act and the regulations, if any, made thereunder, the principal employer shall, in the case of an employee directly employed by him (not being an exempted employee), be entitled to recover from the employee the employees’ contribution by deduction from his wages and not otherwise:
Provided that no such deduction shall be made from any wages other than.such as relate to the period or part of the period in respect of which the contribution is payable, or in excess of the sum representing the employees’ contribution for the period.
(3) ........
(4) Any sum deducted by the principal employer from wages under this Act shall be deemed to have been entrusted to him by the employee for the purpose of paying the contribution in respect of which it was deducted.
(5) ...........”
The term “principal employer” has been defined in Section 2(17) of the Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948 as follows:-
“2(17): “principal employer” means:-
(i) in a factory, the owner or occupier of the factory includes the managing agent of such owner or occupier, the legal representative of a deceased owner or occupier, and where a person has been named as the manager of (the factory under Factories Act, 1948) (63 of 1948); the person so named:
(ii) ...........
(iii) in any other establishment, any person responsible for the supervision and control of the establishment.”
3. Section 2(17) defines the “principal employer” in a factory as the owner or occupier of the factory. “Occupier” of a factory is defined in Section 2(15) as having the same meaning assigned to it in the Factories Act, 1948, Section 2(n) of the Factories Act, 1948 as it stood at the relevant time, defined an “Occupier” to mean the person who has ultimate control over the affairs of the factory, Section 100 of the Factories Act dealt with the determination of occupier in certain cases. Under sub-section (2) where the occupier was a company, any directors thereof could be prosecuted and punished for any offence for which the occupier was liable.
4. Section 2(17) of the Employees’ State Insurance Act, however, defines the principal employer as either owner or occupier - taking care of all eventualities. When the owner of the factory is the principal employer, there is no need to examine who is occupier. The owner will be the principal employer under Section 40.
5. The Employees’ State Insurance Act does not define the term “employer” although under Sections 85B and 85C of that Act the term “employer” is used.
6. The provisions of Section 40 in the light of these definitions have been considered by various High Courts in order to decided whether a director of a limited company can be considered as the principal employer liable to pay contribution under Section 40. A Division Bench of the Bombay High Court in the case Suresh Tulsidas Kilachand & Ors. etc. v. Collector of Bombay & Ors. etc.1 held that a director of a company by virtue of being a director is not principal employer contemplated by Section 2(17) of the Employees’ State Insurance Act. He is not personally liable to pay employer’s contribution under the Act. In the context of Section 2(17) read with Section 2(15) the Court held that whether a person is occupier or not has to be ascertained with reference to whether he is in ultimate control over the factory. When the definition of principal employer in Section 2(17) refers to the “owner” or “occupier” of a factory, the principal employer can be either the owner or the occupier depending upon the facts of each case. When there is an owner of the factory that owner must be considered as the principal employer liable for contribution.
7. Under Section 40 the words “owner” and “occupier” have been used disjunctively. The Court also referred to Section 100 of the Factories Act and said that even under the Factories Act, 1948, the Legislature has clearly contemplated that in the case of a factory, a company can be the “occupier”. Therefore, when the owner of a factory is a company it is the company which is the principal employer and not its director. The Bombay High Court overruled the judgment of the Single Judge of the Bombay High Court in so deciding.
8. The same view has been taken by the Madhya Pradesh High Court in the case of Employees’ State Insurance Corporation, Indore v. Kailashchandra & Ors.2. The Madhya Pradesh High Court also said that when there is a default in payment of contribution by the company, the managing director, or other directors cannot be made personally liable. The contribution can be recovered from the company as the principal employer.
9. In the case of Employees’ State Insurance Corporation, Chandigarh v. Gurdial Singh & Ors.3, this Court held that the directors of a private limited company were not personally liable to pay contributions under the Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948. The Court was considering a case where a private limited company was the owner of the factory and the occupier of the factory had been duly named under the Factories Act, 1948. The Court said that the directors did not come within the definition of clause 1 of Section 2(17) of the Employees’ State Insurance Act. This Court also disapproved of the decision of a Single Judge of the Bombay High Court which has been subsequently overruled by the Division Bench of the Bombay High Court in the case of Suresh Tulsidas Kilachand & Ors. etc. v. Collector of Bombay & Ors. etc. (supra).
10. Therefore, even if we read the definition of “principal employer” under the Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948 in Explanation 2 to Section 405 of the Indian Penal Code, the directors of the company, in the present case, would not be covered by the definition of “principal employer” when the company itself owns the factory and is also the employer of its employees at the head office.
11. In any event, in the absence of any expression provision in the Indian Penal Code incorporating the definition of “principal employer” in Explanation 2 to Section 405, this definition cannot be held to apply to the term “employer” in Explanation 2. As the High Court has observed, the term “employer” in Explanation 2 must be understood as in ordinary parlance. In ordinary parlance it is the company which is the employer and not its directors either singly or collectively.
12. In the premises we do not see any reason to interfere with the impugned judgment of the Calcutta High Court. The appeal is, therefore, dismissed.
(C.R.) Appeal dismissed.
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Parallel Citations of other Journals :
Employees State Insurance Corpn. v. S.K. Aggarwal, 1998(6) Supreme 197 : 1998(V) AD (SC) 588 : JT 1998(5) SC 233 : 1998 SCC (L&S) 1480
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