1999 JTR(SC) 397
1999 AIR(SC) 2012 ; 1999 AIR(SCW) 1717 ; 1999 1 CLR 1021 ; 1999 82 FLR 93 ; 2010 5 JKJ(SC) 596 ; 1999 2 JT 483 ; 1999 LIC 2096 ; 1999 1 LLJ 1080 ; 1999 2 LLN 1005 ; 1999 2 Scale 325 ; 1999 3 SCC 653 ; 1999 SCC(L&S) 801 ; 1999 2 SCR 251 ; 1999 2 SCT 599 ; 1999 2 SLR 247 ; 1999 2 UJ 1108 ; 1999 3 Supreme 240
1999(3) Supreme 240
Supreme Court of India
(From Jammu & Kashmir High Court)
S. Saghir Ahmad & S. Rajendra Babu, JJ.
State of Jammu & Kashmir -Appellant
versus
Shiv Ram Sharma & Ors. -Respondents
Civil Appeal No. 1904 of 1999
(Arising out of SLP (C) No. 12718/98)
Decided on 30-3-1999
Counsel for the Parties :
For the Appellant : Ashok Mathur, Advocate.
For the Respondents : Jagdev Singh Manhas, Advocate.
Act
Referred
:JAMMU AND KASHMIR GEOLOGY AND MINING SUBORDINATE SERVICE RECRUITMENT RULES : .
SERVICE LAW : .
(A) The relevant provisions of the Jammu and Kashmir Geology and Mining (Subordinate) Service Recruitment Rules, 1990, framed under Section 124 of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, prescribed matriculation as the qualification bar for promotion to higher posts such as Boring Mistry, Grade I and Drill Operator, Grade I, and required seven years of service in prior grades. These Rules operated alongside the Service Law governing recruitment and service conditions for subordinate service categories, and the Government retained the unilateral power to modify or relax these qualifications. The High Court examined the interaction between the Rules, the principle of avoiding career stagnation, and the rights of incumbent employees whose promotions had occurred before the Rules came into effect.
(B) The core legal principles include that an employee does not acquire a vested right to promotion, terms of service are determined by statute and statutory rules rather than individual consent, and the Government may prescribe qualifications for appointments and promotions. The Rules must provide a reasonable avenue for promotion, and while considerations of avoiding stagnation are relevant, they cannot override the legitimately prescribed qualifications unless the rules are amended. Past practice and exceptional relaxation in individual cases do not create a general right to waive qualifications.
Facts of the case:
Respondents were appointed initially as Rig-man, later re-designated as Boring-Mistry, Grade I and Drill Operator, Grade I, and others worked as Drill Operator, Grade II, all without matriculation. The 1990 Rules prescribed matriculation for promotion, which the respondents could not meet. The High Court held that since respondents had been promoted in 1983 before the Rules, insistence on matriculation was illogical and directed relaxation to avoid stagnation. The Division Bench upheld this view, and the appellants challenged the High Courts direction to amend the Rules.
Findings of Court:
The High Court was not justified in directing amendments to the Rules, as the Rules provided promotional avenues subject to qualification conditions, and the hardship to individual respondents did not establish a general standard for interference. The case of J.R. Sharma, who was promoted prior to the Rules, was distinguishable and not a basis for directing changes.
Issues:
Whether the High Court could direct amendments to the Service Rules prescribing qualifications, and whether the respondents were entitled to relaxation of the matriculation requirement to avoid career stagnation.
Ratio Decidendi:
The Government may prescribe qualifications for promotion, and the existence of a promotional avenue under the Rules, even if conditioned on qualifications, satisfies the requirement of avoiding stagnation. Individual hardship does not warrant judicial direction to amend the Rules, especially where the affected employees joined before the Rules and their promotions were governed by earlier norms.
Result:
The appeal is allowed, the High Court order is set aside, and the writ petitions are dismissed without costs.
(A) The relevant provisions of the Jammu and Kashmir Geology and Mining (Subordinate) Service Recruitment Rules, 1990, framed under Section 124 of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, prescribed matriculation as the qualification bar for promotion to higher posts such as Boring Mistry, Grade I and Drill Operator, Grade I, and required seven years of service in prior grades. These Rules operated alongside the Service Law governing recruitment and service conditions for subordinate service categories, and the Government retained the unilateral power to modify or relax these qualifications. The High Court examined the interaction between the Rules, the principle of avoiding career stagnation, and the rights of incumbent employees whose promotions had occurred before the Rules came into effect.
(B) The core legal principles include that an employee does not acquire a vested right to promotion, terms of service are determined by statute and statutory rules rather than individual consent, and the Government may prescribe qualifications for appointments and promotions. The Rules must provide a reasonable avenue for promotion, and while considerations of avoiding stagnation are relevant, they cannot override the legitimately prescribed qualifications unless the rules are amended. Past practice and exceptional relaxation in individual cases do not create a general right to waive qualifications.
Facts of the case:
Respondents were appointed initially as Rig-man, later re-designated as Boring-Mistry, Grade I and Drill Operator, Grade I, and others worked as Drill Operator, Grade II, all without matriculation. The 1990 Rules prescribed matriculation for promotion, which the respondents could not meet. The High Court held that since respondents had been promoted in 1983 before the Rules, insistence on matriculation was illogical and directed relaxation to avoid stagnation. The Division Bench upheld this view, and the appellants challenged the High Courts direction to amend the Rules.
Findings of Court:
The High Court was not justified in directing amendments to the Rules, as the Rules provided promotional avenues subject to qualification conditions, and the hardship to individual respondents did not establish a general standard for interference. The case of J.R. Sharma, who was promoted prior to the Rules, was distinguishable and not a basis for directing changes.
Issues:
Whether the High Court could direct amendments to the Service Rules prescribing qualifications, and whether the respondents were entitled to relaxation of the matriculation requirement to avoid career stagnation.
Ratio Decidendi:
The Government may prescribe qualifications for promotion, and the existence of a promotional avenue under the Rules, even if conditioned on qualifications, satisfies the requirement of avoiding stagnation. Individual hardship does not warrant judicial direction to amend the Rules, especially where the affected employees joined before the Rules and their promotions were governed by earlier norms.
Result:
The appeal is allowed, the High Court order is set aside, and the writ petitions are dismissed without costs.
Judgment
Rajendra Babu, J.-Leave granted.
2. Respondents filed writ petitions in the High Court of Jammu & Kashmir seeking quashing of the Rules published vide notification No. SRO : 328 dated November 22, 1992 to the extent it related to qualification bar in Class-A categories I & II and for further direction to fill up the posts on the basis of seniority irrespective of qualifications. Respondent Nos. 1 and 2 were initially appointed as Rig-man which was later on re-designated as Boring-Mistry, Grade I and again re-designated as Drill Operator, Grade I in the year 1990. Respondent Nos. 3, 4 and 5 were working on the post of Drill Operator, Grade II. On November 22, 1990 Rules were promulgated under Section 124 of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir styled as “Jammu and Kashmir Geology and Mining (Subordinate) Service Recruitment Rules, 1990”. The Rules were to come into force from the date of their publication in the Government Gazette, which, it is said, was done on November 22, 1990. Under these Rules, the requisite qualification for promotion of a Drilling Assistant was prescribed as “matriculation” with five years service as Boring Mistry, Grade I or Drill Operaor, Grade I. For promotion to the post of Boring Mistry, Grade I/Drill Operator, Grade I, the minimum basic qualification prescribed was matriculation with seven years service as Boring Mistry, Grade II or Drill Operator, Grade II.
3. Recruitment to the post of Rig-man, that is, Drill Operator, Grade II and Assistant Drilling (Now Drilling Assistant) were made partly by appointment from state subjects whose academic qualification was matriculation and above and partly on contract basis from non-state subjects possessing vast experience in drilling but without necessary academic qualification. The services of these persons appointed on contract basis was subsequently regularised by a Government order with all benefits of promotion, pension, etc. It was noticed that in the higher promotional posts the incumbents had to shoulder higher responsibilities, such as, maintaining log books, keeping records of inventories and do other technical and administrative tasks for which qualification of matriculation was considered necessary. None of the respondents possessed the qualification of matriculation. Therefore, they could not be promoted to higher grades. The High Court took the view that when respondent Nos. 1 and 2 had been promoted last in the year 1983 insistence on matriculation qualification for promotion to a higher post was illogical and for such posts service experience should be the sole criteria. On that basis, the learned Single Judge allowed the writ petitions. The Division Bench, to which the appeal was preferred, also took the similar view and it was stated that the respondents were promoted in the year 1983 and therefore, they are facing complete stagnation not because of absence of promotional avenus but because of the requirement of matriculation qualification. By the time they reach that stage they would be at the fag end of their career and insistence on the passing of the matriculation would be fatal as it is impossible for them to take such an examination now and it was observed that the Rules have to be amended suitably to avoid stagnation and adverted to the decision of this Court in T.R. Kothandaraman & Ors. v. Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board & Ors.1.
4. The learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the High Court could not have directed amendments of the Rules particularly when it had noticed that the promotional avenue from one grade to another was available subject to certain conditions, such as, fulfilment of qualification and experience. It is not a case where the Rules did not permit promotional opportunities to all to higher grade from lower grade and the hardship resulting to one or two individual employees should not be taken note as a general standard to give the impugned directions and, therefore, the learned counsel submitted that the view of the High Court is not justified at all.
5. The learned counsel for the respondents vehemently contended that the promotional opportunity under the Rules is only a mirage by reason of the qualifications prescribed thereto which are impossible of fulfilment by the respondents. When the respondents joined the service it long before these Rules were promulgated there was no prescription of qualification of matriculation for promotion and sole avenue for promotion is deprived of by reason of prescription of such qualification. He, therefore, submitted that relaxation in the Rules is required and all that the High Court has directed is to relax the relevant rules which would result in benefit to the respondents and, therefore, no interference is called for. He also pointed out that in case of one J.R. Sharma the benefit had been extended to him in relaxation of the Rules.
6. The law is well settled that it is permissible for the Government to prescribe appropriate qualifications in the matter of appointment or promotion to different posts. The case put forth on behalf of the respondents is that when they joined the service the requirement of passing the matriculation was not needed and while they are in service such prescription has been made to their detriment. But is is clear that there is no idefeasible right in the respondents to claim for promotion to a higher grade to which qualification could be prescribed and there is no guarantee that those rules framed by the Government in that behalf would always be favourable to them. In Roshan Lal Tandon v. Union of India2, it was held by this Court that once appointed an employee has no vested right in regard to the terms of service but acquires a status and, therefore, the rights and obligations thereto are no longer determined by consent of parties, but by statute or statutory rules which may be framed and altered unilaterally by the Government. The High Court has also noticed that there was an avenue provided for promotion but the prescription of the qualification was not favourable to respondents. The principle of avoiding stagnation in a particular post will not be with reference to a particular individual employee but with reference to the conditions of service as such. As long as rules provide for conditions of service making an avenue for promotion to higher grades the observations made in T.R. Kothandaraman’s case (supra) stand fulfilled. In that view of the matter, we do not think the High Court was justified in allowing the writ petitions filed by the respondents.
7. The case of J.R. Sharma stood altogether on a different footing who was appointed in the year 1962 and he was promoted to higher grades with effect from 1989, that is, prior to the coming into force of the Rules. In that view of the matter, we do not think that case could be taken note of in giving any directions in favour of the respondents.
8. In the result, we allow this appeal and set aside the order made by the High Court affirming the order made by the learned Single Judge and dismiss the writ petitions filed by the respondents. No order as to costs.
(C.R.) Appeal allowed
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Parallel Citations of other Journals :
State of Jammu & Kashmir v. Shiv Ram Sharma & Ors., 1999(3) Supreme 240
00032