2003 JTR(SC) 1046
2004 13 AIC 403 ; 2003 4 AICLR 892 ; 2004 AIR(SC) 978 ; 2003 AIR(SCW) 6581 ; 2004 1 ALD(Cri)(SC) 87 ; 2004 1 CriCC 302 ; 2004 CriLR(Cal) 34 ; 2003 4 Crimes(SC) 380 ; 2003 3 JCC 1821 ; 2003 8 JT 447 ; 2004 1 MPWN 203 ; 2003 4 RCR(Cri) 964 ; 2003 9 Scale 8 ; 2003 8 SCC 590 ; 2004 SCC(Cri) 44 ; 2003 Supp4 SCR 978 ; 2004 1 ShimLC 147 ; 2004 1 WLC 48 ; 2003 KHC 1625 ; 2003 7 Supreme 516
2003(7) Supreme 516
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
(From Bombay High Court at Goa)
Doraiswamy Raju and Arijit Pasayat, JJ.
Tulshidas Kanolkar -Appellant
versus
The State of Goa -Respondent
Criminal Appeal No. 298 of 2003
Decided on 27.10.2003
Counsel for the Parties :
For the Appellant : Surya Kant, Advocate (A.C.).
For the Respondent : Ms. A. Subhashini, Advocate.
IMPORTANT POINT
Delay in lodging FIR in rape case can not be used for discarding prosecution case and it only puts Court on guard to search if any explanation was offered for delay and then to see whether it was satisfactory or not.
Act Referred :INDIAN PENAL CODE : S.376
(A) The Indian Penal Code, Section 376, governs the offence of rape and prescribes the punishment for sexual assault. The facts of this case fall within the spirit and scope of this provision, as the accused committed a physical and sexual violation upon a mentally challenged female victim who was incapable of understanding or consenting to the act. The exploitation of her helplessness and her undeveloped mental faculties aggravates the moral and legal culpability of the accused, even in the absence of explicit statutory categorisation for such vulnerability.
(B) A mentally challenged woman is incapable of giving legal consent within the meaning of Section 376 IPC. Submission arising from fear, helplessness, or mental deficiency cannot be equated with consent. Delay in reporting the incident does not, by itself, undermine the prosecution case if a satisfactory explanation is provided. Courts must guard against using procedural technicalities to shield substantive guilt in cases involving sexual exploitation of vulnerable persons.
Facts of the case:
The victim, a mentally challenged female with an IQ less than one-third of a normal person, was subjected to repeated sexual assault by the accused. She was unaware of her pregnancy, a stillborn child was delivered, and she later identified the accused. The accused pleaded consent and raised doubts about the delay in lodging the FIR, which was satisfactorily explained.
Findings of Court:
The trial court and the high court were satisfied of the accuseds guilt. The victims mental incapacity negated the possibility of consent. The explanation for the delay in the FIR was accepted, and the plea of consent was rejected as legally unsustainable.
Issues:
Whether consent can be legally attributed to a mentally challenged woman incapable of understanding the nature and consequence of the act, and whether delay in reporting precludes prosecution.
Ratio Decidendi:
Sexual intercourse with a mentally challenged woman who is unable to comprehend the act or its consequences cannot be consensual. The law does not recognise such submission as consent, and the accused must be held criminally liable under Section 376 IPC.
Result:
The appeal is dismissed and the accused is required to undergo the remaining period of the sentence imposed by the trial court.
(A) The Indian Penal Code, Section 376, governs the offence of rape and prescribes the punishment for sexual assault. The facts of this case fall within the spirit and scope of this provision, as the accused committed a physical and sexual violation upon a mentally challenged female victim who was incapable of understanding or consenting to the act. The exploitation of her helplessness and her undeveloped mental faculties aggravates the moral and legal culpability of the accused, even in the absence of explicit statutory categorisation for such vulnerability.
(B) A mentally challenged woman is incapable of giving legal consent within the meaning of Section 376 IPC. Submission arising from fear, helplessness, or mental deficiency cannot be equated with consent. Delay in reporting the incident does not, by itself, undermine the prosecution case if a satisfactory explanation is provided. Courts must guard against using procedural technicalities to shield substantive guilt in cases involving sexual exploitation of vulnerable persons.
Facts of the case:
The victim, a mentally challenged female with an IQ less than one-third of a normal person, was subjected to repeated sexual assault by the accused. She was unaware of her pregnancy, a stillborn child was delivered, and she later identified the accused. The accused pleaded consent and raised doubts about the delay in lodging the FIR, which was satisfactorily explained.
Findings of Court:
The trial court and the high court were satisfied of the accuseds guilt. The victims mental incapacity negated the possibility of consent. The explanation for the delay in the FIR was accepted, and the plea of consent was rejected as legally unsustainable.
Issues:
Whether consent can be legally attributed to a mentally challenged woman incapable of understanding the nature and consequence of the act, and whether delay in reporting precludes prosecution.
Ratio Decidendi:
Sexual intercourse with a mentally challenged woman who is unable to comprehend the act or its consequences cannot be consensual. The law does not recognise such submission as consent, and the accused must be held criminally liable under Section 376 IPC.
Result:
The appeal is dismissed and the accused is required to undergo the remaining period of the sentence imposed by the trial court.
JUDGMENT
Arijit Pasayat, J.-While the murderer destroys the physical frame of his victim, a rapist degrades and defiles the soul of a helpless female. When the victim is a mentally challenged person, there is not only physically violence and degradation and defilement of the soul, but also exploitation of her helplessness. The case in hand is a classic example when the baser instincts of the appellant overtook his moral values and human sensitivity and he ravished the unsuspecting victim incapable of comprehending the vicissitudes of the dastardly act, not once but several times. So innocence was the victim that she was even not aware of the dreadful consequences. The mental faculties of the victim were undeveloped and her Intelligence Quotient (in short I.Q. ) was not even 1/3rd of what a normal person has. Tragedy struck on the victim sometimes in 1999, when parents of the victim noticed that her legs were swollen and there were signs of advanced stage of pregnancy. They were shocked beyond limits. They asked the victim as to who was responsible for her pregnancy. She in her own way pointed out accusing fingers at the appellant and said that on some pretext or the other, ravished her. When this shattering news was conveyed to the parents of the victims, they questioned the appellant. It is on record that some money was offered to them by mother of the appellant to have termination of pregnancy. When asked about the possibility of termination of pregnancy, the doctor indicated a sum of Rs. 6,000/- as the amount required. Since the appellant s family were willing to part with only Rs. 2,000/-, there was no termination of pregnancy and evidence shows that a stillborn child was delivered by the victim. Information was lodged with the police on 10th August, 1999 by PW 1 (father of the victim). Investigation was undertaken for the commission of the offence of rape and threat given to the victim by the appellant. The accused was charge sheeted for offences punishable under Section 376 and 506(2) of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (for short the IPC ). During trial, accused pleaded false implication. From the tenure of cross-examination and statement made under Section 313 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (for short Cr.P.C. ), it appears that indirectly a case of consent was pleaded. It was highlighted that there was delay in lodging of first information report which rendered the prosecution version unacceptable. Many persons who could have thrown light as allegedly victim made disclosure about the involvement of appellant before them were not examined. As there was alleged intercourse on several occasions, it is otherwise clearly a case of consent.
2. Learned Additional Sessions Judge, Panaji, considered all these pleas and held the accused guilty, imposed sentences of 10 years and one year respectively for the two charged offences along with a fine of Rs. 10,000/- and Rs. 2,000/- respectively with default stipulation.
3. In appeal, the stand taken before the Trial Court was reiterated before the High Court of Bombay at Goa, which upheld the conviction, but reduced the sentence to 7 years in relation to the offence punishable under Section 376 IPC. The stands taken before the trial Court and the High Court were pressed into service by learned counsel appearing for the accused appellant.
4. Learned counsel for the State on the other hand submitted that considering the nature of evidence and the gravity of offence, the High Court has rather acted liberally in reducing the sentence while upholding the conviction.
5. We shall first deal with the question of delay. The unusual circumstances satisfactorily explained the delay in lodging of the first information report. In any event, delay per se is not a mitigating circumstance for the accused when accusations of rape are involved. Delay in lodging first information report cannot be used as a ritualistic formula for discarding prosecution case and doubting its authenticity. It only puts the court on guard to search for and consider if any explanation has been offered for the delay. Once it is offered, the Court is to only see whether it is satisfactory or not. In a case if the prosecution fails to satisfactory explain the delay and there is possibility of embellishment or exaggeration in the prosecution version on account of such delay, it is a relevant factor. On the other hand satisfactory explanation of the delay is weighty enough to reject the plea of false implication or vulnerability of prosecution case. As the factual scenario shows, the victim was totally unaware of the catastrophe which had befallen to her. That being so, the mere delay in lodging of first information report does not in any way render prosecution version brittle.
6. Non-examination of some persons per se does not corrode vitality of prosecution version, particularly when the prosecutrix has, notwithstanding her mental deficiencies, withstood incisive cross-examination pointed to the appellant as the perpetrator of the crime. The plea of consent is too shallow to even need detailed analysis or consideration. A mentally challenged girl cannot legally give a consent which would necessarily involve understanding of the effect of such consent. It has to be a conscious and voluntary act. There is gulf of difference between consent and submission. Every consent involves a submission but the converse does not follow, and mere act of submission does not involve consent. An act of helpless resignation in the face of inevitable compulsion, quiescence, non-resistance or passive giving in when the faculty is either clouded by fear or vitiated by duress or impaired due to mental retardation or deficiency cannot be considered to be consent as understood in law. For constituting consent, there must be exercise of intelligence based on the knowledge of the significance and the moral effect of the act. A girl whose mental faculties are undeveloped, cannot be said in law, to have suffered sexual intercourse with consent.
7. We find no infirmity in the conclusions arrived at by the Trial Court and the High Court to warrant interference. The appeal fails.
8. The omega is said, but a few words are necessary to be said about prescription of sentence in a case where a mentally challenged or deficient woman is the victim. In sub-section (2) of Section 376, clause (f) relates to physical age of a woman under 12 years of age. In such a case sentence higher than that prescribed for one under sub-section (1) is provided for. But what happens in a case when the mental age of victim is not even 12 years of age? Such a woman is definitely at more vulnerable situation. A rapist in such a case in addition to physical ravishment exploits her mental non-development and helplessness. The legislature would do well in prescribing higher minimum sentence in a case of this nature. The gravity of offence in such case is more serious than the enumerated categories indicated in sub-section (2) of Section 376.
9. We record our appreciation for the fair manner in which Mr. Surya Kant, learned amicus curiae and Ms. A. Subhashini for the respondent-State placed all relevant materials for disposal of the appeal.
10. The appeal as indicated above, is sans merit and is dismissed. The appellant shall undergo the remaining period of sentence imposed.
Appeal dismissed.
*****************
Parallel Citations of other Journals ;
Tulshidas Kanolkar v. The State of Goa, 2003(7) Supreme 516 : 2003(8) JT 447 : 2003(30 JCC 1821 : 2003(4) Crimes 380 : (2003) 8 SCC 590
00034