1957 JTR(SC) 35
1957 AIR(SC) 589 ; 1957 AllLJ 722 ; 1957 BLJR 678 ; 1957 CrLJ 889 ; 1957 KLT(SN) 35 ; 1957 MLJ(Cri) 478 ; 1957 SCJ 515 ; 1957 SCR 354 ; 1957 SCR 854 ; 1957 KHC 402
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
2nd April 1957
BHAGWATI AND KAPUR, JJ.
Bhagwan Das and another - Appellants
Versus
State or Rajasthan, Respondent.
Criminal Appeal No. 50 of 1957.
Advocates appeared
Mr. Mohan Behari Lal, Advocate (at State expense), for Appellants; Messrs. Kan Singh and T.M. Sen, Advocates, for Respondent.
Act
Referred
:CONSTITUTION OF INDIA : Art.131
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE : S.411(a), S.423
EVIDENCE ACT : S.46, S.32, S.45
Article 134-Supreme Court appeals-Practice-Criminal Procedure Code, 1898, Ss. 411A and 423.
Held: Although the Supreme Court will not interfere with the findings of the High Court because its conclusions on the evidence as to the guilt or innocence of the accused differ from that of the High Court, yet where the evidence is such that no tribunal could legitimately infer from it that the accused is guilty it would set aside the conviction.1 - Article 136-Crilninal case-Appreciation of evidence-When findings of the High Court can be interfered with.
Setting aside of acquittal by High Court-Col11pelling reasons-Cr. P.C., Ss. 417, 423.
Evidence of doctor against opinion expressed in books on Medical Jurisprudence-Reliance-How to be contradicted.
One S was alleged to have been murdered by B, Nand Bs daughter R. They were tried by the Sessions Judge of Ganganagar for an offence under S. 302 of the Indian Penal Code but were acquitted. On appeal to the High Court of Rajasthan, the order of acquittal of Band N was reversed and they were convicted under S. 302 read with section 34 and sentenced to transportation for life. The order as to R was affirmed and she was acquitted. The convicted persons obtained special leave to appeal under Art. 136 of the Constitution.
According to the prosecution, Begaram P.W. 2 and Hazari P.W. 3 were the eye-witnesses of the occurrence and Jora P.W.7, Gyaniram P.W. 4 and Ram Pratap P.W. 5 were the persons before whom S gave dying declarations. The Sessions Judge described Hazari as a "facile fluent liar" but his testimony was accepted by the High Court. Both courts rejected the statement of Ram Pratap but the statements of Gyani Ram and Jora were accepted by the High Court although they were rejected by the Sessions Judge. There were apparent contradictions between the testimony of Hazari and Bega, and the learned High Court Judges were of the opinion that Begas presence on the spot was open to «rave doubts. Similarly, there were material contradictions in the respective statements of Gyaniram P.W. 4 and Jora P.W. 1.
The Sessions Judge was of the opinion that the evidence of the doctor P.W. made the story that S could walk for a little distance or was able to talk to make a dying declaration, improbable. But the learned Judges of the High Court disposed of this matter by saying that the doctor was comparatively young and that his statement was not in accord with the opinion expressed in books on Medical Jurisprudence by authors like Modi and Lyon.
Held: (allowing the of appeals) : (1) It cannot be said that the opinion of authors like Modi and Lyon were given in regard to circumstances exactly similar to those which arose in the present case nor is this a satisfactory way of disposing of the evidence of an expert unless the passages which are sought to discredit his opinion are put to him. The learned Judges of the High Court were, therefore, in error in accepting testimony of these witnesses in support of the correctness of the two dying declarations nor could the statement of the deceased alleged to have been made in the circumstances of this case be considered sufficient to support the conviction.
(2) Although the Supreme Court will not interfere with the findings of the High Court because its conclusions on the evidence as to the guilt or innocence of the accused differ from that of the High Court yet where the evidence is such that no tribunal could legitimately infer from it that the accused is guilty the Supreme Court would set aside the conviction.2 The evidence in the present case is of such quality and no legitimate imference of guilt of the accused could properly be drawn.
(3) The High Court should not set aside an acquittal unless there are "substantial and compelling" reasons for doing SO.3 The Judgment of the High Court does not disclose any such reasons justifying interference with the finding of the trial court. - Section 32-Dying declaration-Evidentiary value. - Sections 46, 45-Passages from books on medical jurisprudence Held: Where the opinions of authors were neither shown to have been given in regard to circumstances exactly similar to those in particular cases before court nor were they put to the medical witness it is not a satisfactory way of disposing of the evidence of the witness to discredit it on the ground that the doctor was a comparatively young man and statements did not accord with the opinions expressed in the books.
Held: Although the Supreme Court will not interfere with the findings of the High Court because its conclusions on the evidence as to the guilt or innocence of the accused differ from that of the High Court, yet where the evidence is such that no tribunal could legitimately infer from it that the accused is guilty it would set aside the conviction.1 - Article 136-Crilninal case-Appreciation of evidence-When findings of the High Court can be interfered with.
Setting aside of acquittal by High Court-Col11pelling reasons-Cr. P.C., Ss. 417, 423.
Evidence of doctor against opinion expressed in books on Medical Jurisprudence-Reliance-How to be contradicted.
One S was alleged to have been murdered by B, Nand Bs daughter R. They were tried by the Sessions Judge of Ganganagar for an offence under S. 302 of the Indian Penal Code but were acquitted. On appeal to the High Court of Rajasthan, the order of acquittal of Band N was reversed and they were convicted under S. 302 read with section 34 and sentenced to transportation for life. The order as to R was affirmed and she was acquitted. The convicted persons obtained special leave to appeal under Art. 136 of the Constitution.
According to the prosecution, Begaram P.W. 2 and Hazari P.W. 3 were the eye-witnesses of the occurrence and Jora P.W.7, Gyaniram P.W. 4 and Ram Pratap P.W. 5 were the persons before whom S gave dying declarations. The Sessions Judge described Hazari as a "facile fluent liar" but his testimony was accepted by the High Court. Both courts rejected the statement of Ram Pratap but the statements of Gyani Ram and Jora were accepted by the High Court although they were rejected by the Sessions Judge. There were apparent contradictions between the testimony of Hazari and Bega, and the learned High Court Judges were of the opinion that Begas presence on the spot was open to «rave doubts. Similarly, there were material contradictions in the respective statements of Gyaniram P.W. 4 and Jora P.W. 1.
The Sessions Judge was of the opinion that the evidence of the doctor P.W. made the story that S could walk for a little distance or was able to talk to make a dying declaration, improbable. But the learned Judges of the High Court disposed of this matter by saying that the doctor was comparatively young and that his statement was not in accord with the opinion expressed in books on Medical Jurisprudence by authors like Modi and Lyon.
Held: (allowing the of appeals) : (1) It cannot be said that the opinion of authors like Modi and Lyon were given in regard to circumstances exactly similar to those which arose in the present case nor is this a satisfactory way of disposing of the evidence of an expert unless the passages which are sought to discredit his opinion are put to him. The learned Judges of the High Court were, therefore, in error in accepting testimony of these witnesses in support of the correctness of the two dying declarations nor could the statement of the deceased alleged to have been made in the circumstances of this case be considered sufficient to support the conviction.
(2) Although the Supreme Court will not interfere with the findings of the High Court because its conclusions on the evidence as to the guilt or innocence of the accused differ from that of the High Court yet where the evidence is such that no tribunal could legitimately infer from it that the accused is guilty the Supreme Court would set aside the conviction.2 The evidence in the present case is of such quality and no legitimate imference of guilt of the accused could properly be drawn.
(3) The High Court should not set aside an acquittal unless there are "substantial and compelling" reasons for doing SO.3 The Judgment of the High Court does not disclose any such reasons justifying interference with the finding of the trial court. - Section 32-Dying declaration-Evidentiary value. - Sections 46, 45-Passages from books on medical jurisprudence Held: Where the opinions of authors were neither shown to have been given in regard to circumstances exactly similar to those in particular cases before court nor were they put to the medical witness it is not a satisfactory way of disposing of the evidence of the witness to discredit it on the ground that the doctor was a comparatively young man and statements did not accord with the opinions expressed in the books.
KAN SINGH, MOHAN BEHARI LAL, T.M.SEN
Judgement
KAPUR, J.:- Bhagwandas and Netram are two brothers who along with Mt. Rameshwari, a daughter of the former, were tried by the Sessions Judge of Ganganagar for an offence under S. 302 of the Indian Penal Code but were acquitted. On appeal to the High Court of Rajasthan, the order of acquittal of Bhagwandas and Netram was reversed and they were convicted under S. 302 read with S. 34 and sentenced to transportation for life. The order as to Mt. Rameshwari was affirmed and she was acquitted. The convicted persons have obtained Special Leave to appeal under Art. 136 of the Constitution.
2. The appeal is founded on two grounds. (1) that there was no evidence against the appellants sufficient to warrant a conviction, and (2) that there were no compelling reasons for reversal of the judgment of acquittal.
3. According to the prosecution the canal after a temporary closure restarted flowing on 5th May 1953. And although it was not his turn of water the deceased Shivlal was allowed to take the water to irrigate his fields. On 6th May the canal was flowing to its full capacity and Shivlal was to take his turn of water which was of 6 hours duration from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. but he watered his lands from 8 a.m. to 10-30 a.m. because the village diggi (pond) which was empty had to be filled up. Mirab Ram Karan P.W. 1 with the consent of Shivlal diverted the water for the purpose of filling up the diggi, promising him (Shivlal) to get him the rest of his turn of water, i.e. for 3 1/2 hours after the diggi had been filled up. The diggi was filled up by 1 p.m. on the 7th. Shivlal then wanted to divert the water into his field but Bhagwandas prevented him from doing so claiming the turn to be his. According to Ram Karan Mirab P.W. 1 the turn of Bhagwandas was after Surta whose turn was next to that of Shivlal.
4. As Shivlal was prevented from taking his turn of water he started walking towards the village saying that he would go and speak to Mirab. Bhagwandas thereupon shouted that "the enemy was going" and hit Shivlal on the head with Kassi.
5. Netram then hit Shivlal with lathi as a result of which he fell down and then both beat Shivlal, and Mt. Rameshwari also, it was alleged, joined in this beating with a wooden handle of a kassi. This occurrence was witnessed by Hazari P.W. 3 who was grazing his camels in the field of Surta. He went up to the place where the beating was going on and shouted to the assailants who went away leaving their kassi behind. Hazari found Shivlal seriously injured and unconscious. He sprinkled some water on his face which revived Shivlal and the latter asked Hazari to take him to the Thana but Hazari helped him to walk up to the Khala (threshing floor) of Hukma which was of a short distance from that place. Hazari P.W. 3 has stated that he left Shivlal with Jora, Jagmal, Bhogar, Begaram and Binja, and on their asking him he (Hazari) told them what he had seen. Shivlal was then taken to Raisinghnagar by Bhaggu and Jagmal on a she-camel to the shop of Gyani Ram P.W. 4. There Shivlal told Gyani Ram also that Bhagwandas, Netram and Rameshwari had assaulted him because of the water dispute and also asked Gyani Ram to send for his son Ram Pratap and his Artya (Commission Agent) Ishardas. Ram Pratap came at about 6 p.m. Shivlal repeated the story to him and was then taken to the hospital by Jagmal, Bhaggu and others. At the hospital he was treated by the doctor P.W. 11 but died the following day (8th) at 8.15 a.m.
6. The First Information Report was based on a written report Ex. P. -1 by Ram Pratap s/o Shivlal. It was recorded on 7th May at about 7.30 p.m. The prosecution supported their case by the evidence of two eye-witnesses, dying declaration made to 3 persons and on the recovery of the kassi. They produced two eye-witnesses Begaram P.W. 2 and Hazari P.W. 3. The dying declarations were made to three persons first to Jora P.W. 7, later to Gyaniram P.W. 4 at his shop and lastly to Ram Pratap P.W. 5 who arrived at the shop at 6 p.m. If the dying declaration was made to this witness it must have been at that time.
7. According to the doctor s evidence Shivlal was unconscious when he was brought to the hospital at 5 p.m. He had 15 injuries on his body, out of which injury No. 1 with a sharp-edged weapon and injury No. 2 with a blunt weapon and both these injuries were grievous and were individually and collectively fatal sufficient to cause death .
8. The learned Sessions Judge disbelieved the whole evidence and acquitted the accused. He was of the opinion that the evidence produced by the prosecution was not "free from suspicion and not sufficient to convict them". Begaram P.W. 2 was disbelieved both by the Sessions Judge and the High Court. The learned Sessions Judge described Hazari as a "facile fluent liar" but his testimony was accepted by the High Court. Both Courts rejected the statement of Ram Pratap but the statements of Gyaniram and Jora were accepted by the High Court although they were rejected by the Sessions Judge.
9. The High Court has relied upon the testimony of one eye-witness Hazari P.W. 3 and two witnesses before whom Shivlal is alleged to have made two dying declarations. There are apparent contradictions between the testimony of Hazari and Bega. The learned High Court Judges disposed of this by saying that Bega s presence "on the spot is open to grave doubts. As such it is, in our opinion not proper to contradict the statement of a man who was present on the spot by using the statement of another man who was in all probability not there."
10. The learned Judges have made the following significant observation in regard to Hazari:
"It seems to us that Hazari had said this because the prosecution was producing Bega, and he must have been asked to say that Bega was also present. So far as the story of Hazari about the incident itself is concerned, nothing has been brought out in his cross-examination to throw doubts on this part of his statement."
11. They also pointed out, but attached no importance, to other contradiction in the statements of Hazari made before the trial Court and before the Police. If as observed by the learned Judge of the High Court, Hazari had mentioned the presence of Bega merely because the latter was to be produced as a prosecution witness and because he (Hazari) had been asked to mention it, then it would detract so materially from his reliability that it would be dangerous to accept his testimony as being of any great value which is still more diminished by the finding as to the innocence of Mt. Rameshwari.
12. The other piece of evidence which the prosecution relied upon was the two dying declarations made by Shivlal to Gyaniram P.W. 4 and Jora P.W. 7. Besides the infirmities which the testimony of these two witnesses (Gyaniram P.W. 4 and Jora P.W. 1) suffered from due to material contradictions in their respective statements made at various stages of the case and which have been pointed out by the learned Sessions Judge who said about Gyaniram:
"In such a state of affairs I refuse to put any weight and value to the statement of Gyaniram ............"
their evidence cannot be a sure foundation for maintaining the conviction if the statement of Hazari the sole eye-witness is disregarded, as it must be disregarded in this case; because ordinarily a dying declaration of the kind which the prosecution has relied upon is by itself insufficient for sustaining a conviction on a charge of murder.
13. The learned Sessions Judge was of the opinion that the evidence of the doctor P.W. 11 made the story that Shivlal could walk for a little distance up to the Khala of Hukma or was able to talk so as to make a dying declaration, improbable. But the learned Judges of the High Court disposed of this matter by saying that the doctor was comparatively young and that his statement was not in accord with the opinion expressed in books on Medical Jurisprudence by authors like Modi and Lyon. But it cannot be said that the opinions of these authors were given in regard to circumstances exactly similar to those which arose in the case now before us nor is this a satisfactory way of disposing of the evidence of an expert unless the passages which are sought to discredit his opinion are put to him. This Court in Sunderlal v. State of Madhya Pradesh, A.I.R. 1954 S.C. 28 (A), disapproved of Judges drawing conclusions adverse to the accused by relying upon such passages in the absence of their being put to medical witnesses. The learned Judges of the High Court were, therefore, in error in accepting the testimony of these witnesses in support of the correctness of the two dying declarations nor could the statement of the deceased alleged to have been made in the circumstances of this case be considered sufficient to support the conviction of the accused. The recovery of the kassi is a wholly neutral circumstance because it has not been proved that it belonged to Bhagwandas.
14. Although this Court will not interfere with the findings of the High Court because its conclusions on the evidence as to the guilt or innocence of, the accused differ from that of the High Court, yet where the evidence is such that no tribunal could legitimately infer from it that the accused is guilty this court would set aside the conviction. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Stephen Seneviratne v. The King, A.I.R. 1936 P.C. 269 at p. 299 (B), in setting aside an order of conviction said
".......... there are here no grounds on the evidence, taken as a whole, upon which any tribunal could properly as a matter of legitimate inference, arrive at a conclusion that the appellant was guilty ..........................."
In our view the evidence in the present case is of such quality and no legitimate inference of guilt of the accused could properly be drawn.
15. The second point on which the judgment of the High Court is assailed is the lack of compelling reasons for setting aside the judgment of acquittal.
16. This Court has held that the High Court should not set aside an acquittal unless there are Substantial and compelling reasons for doing so. Surajpal Singh v. State, 1952 S.C.R. 193 at p. 201 Ajmer Singh v. State of Punjab, 1953 S.C.R. 418 at p.423: Aher Raja Khima v. State of Saurashtra, 1955-2 S.C.R. 1285 .The judgment of the High Court Does not disclose any such reasons justifying interference with the findings of the trail Court.
17. We would, therefore, allow this appeal, set aside the judgment of the Rajasthan High Court, restore that of the Sessions Judge and order the acquittal of the Accused.
Appeal allowed.
For Citation : AIR 1957 SC 589
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