1990 JTR(SC) 21
1990 AIR(SC) 625 ; 1990 BBCJ(SC) 40 ; 1990 2 BomCR(SC) 295 ; 1990 92 BomLR 191 ; 1990 CriLR 176 ; 1990 1 Crimes(SC) 392 ; 1990 CrLJ 788 ; 1990 1 JT 28 ; 1990 1 PLJR(SC) 38 ; 1990 1 RCR(Cri) 399 ; 1990 1 Scale 25 ; 1990 1 SCC 397 ; 1990 SCC(Cri) 142 ; 1990 1 SCR 73 ; 1990 1 UJ 439 ; 1990 KHC 722 ; 1990 1 KLT(Online) 1057
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
A.M. AHMADI AND M. FATHIMA-BEEVI, JJ.
State of Maharashtra, Appellant
Versus
Anand Chintaman Dighe, Respondent
Crl. Appeal No. 699 of 1989, D/- 16-1-1990.
Act
Referred
:CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE : S.437, S.38
TERRORIST AND DISRUPTIVE ACTIVITIES PREVENTION ACT : S.29(8)(b)
(A) The Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987, read with Sections 437 and 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, governs the grant of bail in cases involving allegations of disruptive activity. Section 29(8)(b) of the Act mandates that bail be ordinarily refused unless the court is satisfied that there are reasonable grounds to believe the accused is not involved in such activities, and Section 437 further limits judicial discretion in serious offences. The Designated Court must record specific reasons when exercising bail powers, and these provisions were directly relevant to the accuseds charge under Section 3(1) of the Act read with Indian Penal Code provisions.
(B) Courts must exercise discretion judiciously in bail applications, considering the nature of the offence, evidence, risk of witness tampering, and the accuseds likelihood of appearing at trial, rather than irrelevant factors such as the accuseds political status or influence. The principles of natural justice require a thorough review of investigative materials, and appellate courts may interfere where bail is granted on improper grounds.
Facts of the case:
The respondent, a political party leader, was arrested for murder and accused of disruptive activities. While investigation was pending, the Designated Court granted bail, heavily influenced by the respondents political position, without properly evaluating the statutory requirements or recorded evidence.
Findings of Court:
The Designated Court failed to consider crucial investigative statements, misapplied the statutory test for bail under the Act, and placed undue emphasis on the respondents political status, resulting in an unsustainable order.
Issues:
Whether bail can be granted based on the accuseds political standing in serious offences, and whether a court must evaluate all relevant materials, including witness statements, before deciding bail under the Act.
Ratio Decidendi:
Grant of bail in grave offences requires satisfaction of reasonable grounds based on evidence, and courts cannot rely on extraneous factors like political influence; appellate intervention is warranted where the lower court misdirects itself.
Result:
The appeal was allowed, the bail order was set aside, and the respondent was directed to remain in custody without prejudice to filing a subsequent bail application.
(A) The Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987, read with Sections 437 and 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, governs the grant of bail in cases involving allegations of disruptive activity. Section 29(8)(b) of the Act mandates that bail be ordinarily refused unless the court is satisfied that there are reasonable grounds to believe the accused is not involved in such activities, and Section 437 further limits judicial discretion in serious offences. The Designated Court must record specific reasons when exercising bail powers, and these provisions were directly relevant to the accuseds charge under Section 3(1) of the Act read with Indian Penal Code provisions.
(B) Courts must exercise discretion judiciously in bail applications, considering the nature of the offence, evidence, risk of witness tampering, and the accuseds likelihood of appearing at trial, rather than irrelevant factors such as the accuseds political status or influence. The principles of natural justice require a thorough review of investigative materials, and appellate courts may interfere where bail is granted on improper grounds.
Facts of the case:
The respondent, a political party leader, was arrested for murder and accused of disruptive activities. While investigation was pending, the Designated Court granted bail, heavily influenced by the respondents political position, without properly evaluating the statutory requirements or recorded evidence.
Findings of Court:
The Designated Court failed to consider crucial investigative statements, misapplied the statutory test for bail under the Act, and placed undue emphasis on the respondents political status, resulting in an unsustainable order.
Issues:
Whether bail can be granted based on the accuseds political standing in serious offences, and whether a court must evaluate all relevant materials, including witness statements, before deciding bail under the Act.
Ratio Decidendi:
Grant of bail in grave offences requires satisfaction of reasonable grounds based on evidence, and courts cannot rely on extraneous factors like political influence; appellate intervention is warranted where the lower court misdirects itself.
Result:
The appeal was allowed, the bail order was set aside, and the respondent was directed to remain in custody without prejudice to filing a subsequent bail application.
A.M.KHANWILKAR, G.RAMASVAMY, S.V.Tarkunde, U.R.Lalit, V.N.GANPULE
JUDGMENT
FATHIMA BEEVI, J.:- By the impugned order dated the 18th May, 1989 the Designated Court, Pune, directed the respondent to be released on bail. The respondent was accused of having committed offence under Section 3(1) of the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987 (hereinafter referred to as the Act) besides the offences punishable under Sections 148, 149, 120-B and 302 of the Indian Penal Code.
2. The respondent was the member of the Shiv Sena Party and the Chief of the Thane District Unit. In consequence of the defeat of the party in Mayoral election held on 20th March, 1989 the party felt that the there was cross-voting and there were traitors among them. There had been a declaration by the respondent that such traitors would not be spared. The respondent was arrested in connection with the murder of one of the Corporators Shridhar Khopkar on 21-4-1989 on registering Crime No. 1348/89.
3. In releasing the respondent on bail while investigation was pending, the Designated Court appears to have been influenced by the fact that respondent was the leader of Political Party. The court assumed that as a leader, he would not be involved in such crimes and that there are reasonable grounds for believing that the respondent is not guilty of any offence under the Act.
4. Having heard both the sides, we feel that the whole approach by the learned Judge was misconceived and the order is unsustainable. We have been taken through the entire proceedings. We find that the learned Judge has not noticed the relevant provisions of the Act which restrict the powers of the Court in granting bail. The learned Judge had also refused to consider the materials placed before it for the purpose of satisfying himself whether there are no reasonable grounds to believe that the respondent has committed the offence. In the course of the investigation witnesses have been questioned and their statements have been reduced to writing. The learned Judge refused to consider the statements recorded in the course of the investigation for the simple reason that such statements had not been read out in open Court though the Court was empowered to peruse the case diary for the purpose of satisfying itself as to the stage of investigation and the nature of the evidence that had been collected.
5. Sub-section (8) of Section 20 of the Act clearly provides that unless the Court is satisfied for the reasons to be recorded that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the respondent is not involved in disruptive activities, bail shall ordinarily be refused. Even under the provisions of Sections 437 and 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the powers of the Sessions Judge are not unfettered. The salient principles in granting bail .in grave crimes have not been taken note of.
6. This Court would not ordinarily interfere with the discretion of the lower court in granting or refusing bail but in cases where bail has been granted on irrelevant considerations, such as the status or influence of the person accused and regardless of the nature of the accusation and relevancy of materials on record, this court would not hesitate to interfere for the ends of justice.
7. There are no hard and fast rules regarding grant or refusal of bail, each case has to be considered on its own merits. The matter always calls for judicious exercise of discretion by the Court. Where the offence is of serious nature the Court has to decide the question of grant of bail in the light of such considerations as the nature and seriousness of offence, character of the evidence, circumstances which are peculiar to the accused, a reasonable possibility of presence of the accused not being secured at the trial and the reasonable apprehension of witness being tampered with, the larger interest of the public or such other similar considerations.
8. In the present case the learned Judge observed that it is a case of respectable person of a big political organisation, his freedom cannot be curtailed if he is entitled to bail. His liberty cannot be curbed if enlarged on bail and, therefore, no kind of condition is required to be imposed. The Court also observed that being a leader of the big political organisation one cannot expect that the respondent will commit any offence if enlarged on bail and he cannot be called to be a criminal. The learned Judge was obsessed by the fact that the respondent was associated with a political party and was oblivious of the nature of the allegations made against him and the relevant materials indicating that the respondent had been making utterances inciting violence. The respondent gave repeated statements to the Press saying that the traitors life will be made difficult and probably they will be killed. This was published in Marathi Daily Navakal on 22-3-1989. He repeated his threat and this appeared in an interview given to the reporter of the Weekly Magzine Lokprabha in its issue of 9-4-1989. In an interview in daily Urdu Times dated 16-4-1989 the respondent asserted that he, knew the names of the traitors but could not disclose the same. He also asserted that the punishment for traitors is death and they would be killed and this decision has not been taken by him in anger.
9. In the backdrop of such assertions, it was necessary for the Court to consider the further materials collected by the investigating agency by recording statements of witnesses. The Court below misdirected itself in refusing to look into such statements and concluding that it is a case for granting bail taking into account only the position held by the respondent in the party. The court clearly erred in disposing of the application for bail.
10. In view of what has been stated above, we set aside the order of the Designated Court and allow the appeal and cancel the bail granted to the respondent, without prejudice to his right to move the Designated Court at any subsequent stage.
Appeal allowed.
For Citation : AIR 1990 SC 625
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